{"id":54734,"date":"2026-01-24T13:37:45","date_gmt":"2026-01-24T12:37:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/?page_id=54734"},"modified":"2026-08-17T16:24:39","modified_gmt":"2026-08-17T14:24:39","slug":"international-space-station","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/de\/international-space-station\/","title":{"rendered":"International Space Station"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"54734\" class=\"elementor elementor-54734\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-slcsc7fc slc-breadcrumb-section elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"slcsc7fc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-slcc1013 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"slcc1013\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-slcbe081 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"slcbe081\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"slc-menu-breadcrumbs\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\"><ol><li><a class=\"slc-crumb slc-crumb--home\" href=\"\/\" aria-label=\"Go to Home\"><svg class=\"slc-home-svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><path d=\"M3.5 10.8 12 3.9l8.5 6.9\"><\/path><path d=\"M5.8 9.7v9.5h12.4V9.7\"><\/path><path d=\"M9.5 19.2v-5.8h5v5.8\"><\/path><\/svg><span>Home<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class=\"slc-sep\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\"><path d=\"m6 3.5 4.5 4.5L6 12.5\"><\/path><\/svg><\/li><li><span class=\"slc-crumb slc-crumb--group\">Conquest of Space<\/span><\/li><li class=\"slc-sep\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\"><path d=\"m6 3.5 4.5 4.5L6 12.5\"><\/path><\/svg><\/li><li><a class=\"slc-crumb slc-crumb--link\" href=\"\/space-stations\/\">Space Stations<\/a><\/li><li class=\"slc-sep\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\"><path d=\"m6 3.5 4.5 4.5L6 12.5\"><\/path><\/svg><\/li><li><span class=\"slc-crumb slc-crumb--current\" aria-current=\"page\">International Space Station<\/span><\/li><\/ol><\/nav><style>\n.slc-breadcrumb-section,\nbody .elementor > .elementor-top-section.slc-breadcrumb-section{display:block!important;grid-column:1\/-1!important;counter-increment:none!important;width:100%!important;max-width:none!important;min-height:0!important;margin:0 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.slc-crumb--link{color:#c7d2e5!important}\nbody.page-id-54734 .slc-menu-breadcrumbs .slc-crumb--current{background:#f5f7ff!important;color:#091426!important;box-shadow:0 8px 24px rgba(0,0,0,.22)!important}\n@media(max-width:767px){body.page-id-54734 .page_content_wrap .elementor-54734{width:calc(100% - 24px)!important;padding-bottom:70px!important}body.page-id-54734 .page_content_wrap .elementor-54734>.elementor-top-section:not(.slc-breadcrumb-section){margin-bottom:14px!important;border-radius:19px!important}html body.page-id-54734 .page_content_wrap .elementor-54734>.elementor-top-section:not(.slc-breadcrumb-section):has(.elementor-widget-text-editor) .elementor-widget-text-editor{padding:25px 21px!important}body.page-id-54734 .page_content_wrap .elementor-54734 .elementor-widget-image img{height:clamp(240px,72vw,390px)!important}body.page-id-54734 .slc-menu-breadcrumbs{margin-top:18px!important;margin-bottom:18px!important}}\n<\/style>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7f67815 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"7f67815\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-048ea95 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"048ea95\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fee221 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fee221\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">International Space Station \u2013 ISS<\/b> \u2013 the first space station built with the participation of many countries. It consists of 43 modules and elements and allows for the simultaneous stay of seven permanent crew members (three until 2009, in practice six until 2020 due to transport limitations). The first modules of the station were launched into Earth orbit and connected to each other in 1998. The first permanent crew took up residence on it in 2000.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-be57438 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"be57438\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7eb09bc sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"7eb09bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e18cff sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1e18cff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/iss-1-1024x512.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54744\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/iss-1-1024x512.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/iss-1-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/iss-1-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/iss-1-370x185.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/iss-1-840x420.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/iss-1-410x205.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/iss-1-730x365.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/iss-1.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-231183a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"231183a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d21a6f9 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"d21a6f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f959c72 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f959c72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The power source for the ISS is solar cells; until July 19, 2011, the transport of people and materials was handled by <b data-path-to-node=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"119\">American shuttles of the Space Transportation System (STS)<\/b> (suspended from February 2003 to July 26, 2005, due to the Columbia shuttle disaster) and Russian Soyuz and Progress spacecraft. After the end of the American shuttle program in 2011, Russian Soyuz rockets became the carrier of permanent astronauts, and from 2020, the <b data-path-to-node=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"447\">Crew Dragon<\/b> American spacecraft of the American company <b data-path-to-node=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"503\">SpaceX<\/b>.<\/p><p>The station has radio equipment for amateur radio purposes (the ARISS project). It also has its own assigned call signs: American NN1SS and NA1SS, Russian RZ3DZR, and German DL0ISS.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-180e06a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"180e06a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c5c96b3 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"c5c96b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9da843 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f9da843\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"497\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/isss-3.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54746\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/isss-3.webp 750w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/isss-3-300x199.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/isss-3-370x245.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/isss-3-410x272.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/isss-3-730x484.webp 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-56f7035 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"56f7035\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc0ce7b sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"cc0ce7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04bb112 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"04bb112\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"1\">George W. Bush&#8217;s administration planned to stop funding the station after 2015, which would have resulted in deorbiting the station in early 2016. However, the administration of the next US president, Barack Obama, extended the funding until 2020, and potentially even until 2028.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"2\">The station&#8217;s solar panels reflect so much sunlight that it is visible from Earth as an object moving across the sky.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"3\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Creation<\/b><\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"4\">The International Space Station was created as a result of combining the projects for the construction of the Russian Mir-2 station, the American <b data-path-to-node=\"4\" data-index-in-node=\"146\">Freedom<\/b>, and the European Columbus. They aimed to fulfill the dream of a permanent human presence in space. This has been realized since November 2, 2000, when the first permanent crew reached the ISS, consisting of: William Shepherd, Yuri Gidzenko, and Sergei Krikalev (Soyuz TM-31 mission). Initially, the station was to be named Alpha (the first), but the Russian side opposed this, claiming that the Soviet Salyut 1 from 1971 was the first. Instead, they proposed the name &#8220;Atlant&#8221;, which in turn the Americans did not like due to its excessive similarity to the sunken Atlantis. Due to the lack of other ideas, the International Space Station still does not have its own name today.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"5\">The first plans to build a space station jointly by the United States, Japan, and the European Space Agency appeared back in the 1980s with the <b data-path-to-node=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"144\">Freedom<\/b> station project. This project was eventually abandoned in favor of building an international station. Since 1991, Canada also joined the work, and in 1993 \u2013 Russia. Unrealized concepts of the <b data-path-to-node=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"344\">Freedom<\/b> station, the Russian Mir-2 (whose planned base module, DOS-8, became an element of the Russian segment), and the European Columbus station (only the orbital laboratory module launched into orbit in 2008 was used from the project) were utilized. The project was to be implemented in three stages:<\/p><ul data-path-to-node=\"6\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"6,0,0\">I \u2013 preparation of modules and international flights to the Russian Mir station \u2013 implemented in the years 1995\u20131998<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"6,1,0\">II \u2013 assembly and initial operation (1998\u20132001)<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"6,2,0\">III \u2013 completion of construction and further operation (beginning of 2001, end in 2011)<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-path-to-node=\"7\">Initially, the program budget for the period from 1994 to the completion of construction was to be 17.4 billion USD, but by the time the first module was launched in late 1997, it had more than doubled to 40 billion USD. In 1998, Brazil joined the project. The first element of the station, the Russian Zarya module, was launched into orbit on November 20, 1998. By the arrival of the first crew, the ISS was enriched with two more modules \u2013 the American Unity and the Russian Zvezda.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"8\"><b data-path-to-node=\"8\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Countries participating in the project<\/b><\/p><ul data-path-to-node=\"9\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,0,0\">United States \u2013 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,1,0\">Russia \u2013 Roscosmos<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,2,0\">Canada \u2013 Canadian Space Agency (CSA)<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,3,0\">Members of the European Space Agency (ESA)<\/p><ul data-path-to-node=\"9,3,1\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,3,1,0,0\">Belgium<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,3,1,1,0\">Denmark \u2013 DNSC<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,3,1,2,0\">France \u2013 Centre National d\u2019\u00c9tudes Spatiales (CNES)<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,3,1,3,0\">Spain \u2013 INTA<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,3,1,4,0\">Netherlands<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,3,1,5,0\">Germany \u2013 Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,3,1,6,0\">Norway \u2013 NSC<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,3,1,7,0\">Switzerland<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,3,1,8,0\">Sweden \u2013 SNSB<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,3,1,9,0\">Great Britain<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,3,1,10,0\">Italy \u2013 Italian Space Agency (ASI)<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,4,0\">Japan \u2013 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-path-to-node=\"10\"><b data-path-to-node=\"10\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Usage<\/b><\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"11\">The main goal of the International Space Station is to enable scientific research in microgravity conditions, impossible to achieve on Earth in a long-term way, allowing for the improvement of cultivation methods, better understanding of the functioning of organisms (and thus the possibility of inventing new drugs), and helping to solve other Earthly scientific problems.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"12\"><b data-path-to-node=\"12\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Flights to the ISS<\/b><\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"13\">To date, 37 flights of American shuttles have taken place to the station (the STS program ended in 2011), 73 crewed flights of Russian Soyuz (as of July 2025), and from May 2020, <b data-path-to-node=\"13\" data-index-in-node=\"179\">Crew Dragon<\/b> spacecraft of the <b data-path-to-node=\"13\" data-index-in-node=\"209\">SpaceX<\/b> company have been traveling to the station. Since 2000, the ISS has been supplied by Russian Progress M cargo shuttles, in April 2008 the ATV \u2013 a transport vehicle constructed by ESA \u2013 docked to the station for the first time, in September 2009 the first flight of the Japanese HTV took place, and since October 2012 the station has also been supplied by Dragon cargo spacecraft.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"14\">In 2020, Soyuz-MS-17, launching from the Baikonur cosmodrome, reached the ISS in a record time of about 3 hours.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"15\"><b data-path-to-node=\"15\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Permanent crews<\/b><\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"16\">Starting from 1998, 170 people stayed on the ISS, of which 50 were members of permanent crews within 20 expeditions. For comparison \u2013 the Russian Mir station was visited by a total of 137 people over 14 years. Almost 1\/4 of all astronauts were the crew of the International Space Station or the vehicles serving it.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-37f1a17 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"37f1a17\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a984944 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"a984944\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4266863 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4266863\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"700\" height=\"475\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kokpit-2.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54750\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kokpit-2.jpeg 700w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kokpit-2-300x204.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kokpit-2-370x251.jpeg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kokpit-2-410x278.jpeg 410w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 700px) 100vw, 700px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6008e13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"6008e13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f196e3 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"7f196e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7699b7 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7699b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"19\"><b data-path-to-node=\"19\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Space tourists<\/b><\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"20\">In 2001, the first space tourist in history visited the ISS. American millionaire <b data-path-to-node=\"20\" data-index-in-node=\"82\">Dennis Tito<\/b> paid 20 million dollars for nearly eight days (7 days, 22 hours, 4 minutes) of stay in space from April 28 to May 6. The second tourist was <b data-path-to-node=\"20\" data-index-in-node=\"234\">Mark Shuttleworth<\/b> from South Africa. The third tourist was Gregory Olsen in 2005, who flew to the International Space Station despite poor health. The first female space tourist was an American of Iranian descent, <b data-path-to-node=\"20\" data-index-in-node=\"448\">Anousheh Ansari<\/b>. The initial candidate for the Soyuz TMA-9 flight, <b data-path-to-node=\"20\" data-index-in-node=\"515\">Daisuke Enomoto<\/b>, was removed for medical reasons.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5540ef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"5540ef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ff62a4 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"8ff62a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e49454 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7e49454\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kokpit-1-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54749\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kokpit-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kokpit-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kokpit-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kokpit-1-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kokpit-1-370x208.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kokpit-1-1290x725.jpg 1290w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kokpit-1-840x473.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kokpit-1-410x231.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kokpit-1-730x411.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kokpit-1-270x152.jpg 270w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kokpit-1.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-601abbb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"601abbb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-85ca502 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"85ca502\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc7ff27 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dc7ff27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"border-subtlest ring-subtlest divide-subtlest bg-transparent\"><div class=\"gap-y-md flex flex-col\"><div class=\"relative font-sans text-base text-foreground selection:bg-super\/50 selection:text-foreground dark:selection:bg-super\/10 dark:selection:text-super\"><div class=\"min-w-0 break-words [word-break:break-word]\"><div id=\"markdown-content-5\" class=\"gap-y-md after:clear-both after:block after:content-['']\" dir=\"auto\"><div class=\"my-2 first:mt-0 [&amp;:has([data-inline-type=image])+&amp;:has([data-inline-type=image])_[data-inline-type=image]]:hidden [&amp;:has(table)_[data-inline-type=image]]:hidden [&amp;_h1:first-of-type]:mt-8 [&amp;_h2:first-of-type]:mt-6\"><div class=\"relative\"><div class=\"prose dark:prose-invert inline leading-relaxed break-words min-w-0 [word-break:break-word] prose-strong:font-medium [&amp;_&gt;*:first-child]:mt-0\"><p data-path-to-node=\"21\">The ISS was also the site of the first space wedding. On August 10, 2003, Russian cosmonaut Yuri Malenchenko married Ekaterina Dmitriva, who was in Texas at the time.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"22\">On September 30, 2009, aboard the Soyuz TMA-16 spacecraft, Canadian Guy Lalibert\u00e9 went to the International Space Station as the seventh space tourist. He paid 35 million dollars for his flight.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"23\"><b data-path-to-node=\"23\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Station modules<\/b><\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"24\">The station consists of 16 basic pressurized modules, with a total volume of about 1000 m\u00b3. These are laboratory, docking, airlock, and connector modules. Currently. They were launched into orbit using shuttles, as well as Proton or Soyuz rockets.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"25\"><b data-path-to-node=\"25\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Zaria<\/b> \u2013 the first module of the International Space Station, belonging to the Russian part of this station. It was built from December 1994 to January 1998 by Russia, but the United States was responsible for financing the work. <b data-path-to-node=\"25\" data-index-in-node=\"229\">Zaria<\/b>, in the initial period of station construction, provided electricity, stabilization, maneuvers, and communication. Currently, after its role was taken over by the <b data-path-to-node=\"25\" data-index-in-node=\"398\">Zvezda<\/b> module, it serves as a warehouse and a propellant tank.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a723dbf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"a723dbf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3a3a9cc sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"3a3a9cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae17f6 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2ae17f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"910\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Zaria.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54762\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Zaria.webp 910w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Zaria-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Zaria-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Zaria-370x208.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Zaria-840x473.webp 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Zaria-410x231.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Zaria-730x411.webp 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/Zaria-270x152.webp 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 910px) 100vw, 910px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fa5dee7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"fa5dee7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5af1a6a sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"5af1a6a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b050502 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b050502\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"my-2 [&amp;+p]:mt-4 [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:inline-block [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:pb-2\"><b data-path-to-node=\"26\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Unity (Node 1)<\/b> \u2013 the first component of the International Space Station built by the United States. It was launched into orbit on December 4, 1998, as the primary payload of the shuttle mission STS-88 \u2013 assembly flight 2A. It serves as a connecting corridor between, among others, the station&#8217;s modules; it is cylindrical in shape; it has six passages (nodes).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1a3764d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"1a3764d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-401f7f5 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"401f7f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aff6f3e sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"aff6f3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"221\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/node-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54753\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/node-1.jpg 400w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/node-1-300x166.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/node-1-370x204.jpg 370w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 400px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c66c2eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"c66c2eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f633940 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"f633940\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbd7f5d sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dbd7f5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"6\">Node 1 was built by the Boeing Company at the Marshall Space Flight Center production facility in Huntsville, Alabama. Unity is the first of three connector modules built for the station&#8217;s needs.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"7\">Delivered to orbit aboard the shuttle Endeavour, Unity was connected on December 6, 1998, to the already orbiting <b data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"114\">Zaria<\/b> module (a station component financed by the United States and built by Russia), which had been launched earlier aboard a Proton rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome (Kazakhstan). Additionally, connected to Unity are:<\/p><ul data-path-to-node=\"8\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"8,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"8,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Destiny<\/b> laboratory,<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"8,1,0\">Node 3,<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"8,2,0\">a truss structure holding the early solar panel system \u2013 Integrated Truss Structure ITS Z1,<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"8,3,0\">Quest airlock.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-path-to-node=\"9\">Essential station resources \u2013 such as fluids, environmental control and life support systems, electrical and data systems \u2013 run through Unity, providing the supply necessary for life and work on the ISS. Inside the module, there are over 50,000 mechanical parts, 216 lines for fluids and gases, and 121 electrical cables (internal and mounted on the outer hull) with a total length of over 11 kilometers. Node 1 has four special equipment racks and is also equipped with a communication system enabling the transmission of data, voice, and low-quality video signals between the ISS and the Mission Control Center in Houston, used in the early stages of the station&#8217;s operation. The construction of the module is based on an aluminum frame.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"9\"><b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Zwiezda<\/b> \u2013 the service module of the International Space Station belonging to the Russian part of the station. It was the first fully Russian element of the station (the second Russian module, <b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"192\">Zaria<\/b>, was financed by NASA). It was initially designed and built as DOS-8 \u2013 the main module of the planned Mir-2 space station, the successor to the Russian Mir station, and earlier as a backup base module for Mir. Therefore, <b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"419\">Zwiezda<\/b> is very similar to the main module of the Mir station (DOS-7). Construction began in the mid-80s. When Russia joined the ISS International Space Station construction project, the Mir-2 station was abandoned, and the built module named <b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"662\">Zwiezda<\/b> became the third of the main ISS modules.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c20d8b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"c20d8b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-da7c62b sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"da7c62b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-630f9cf sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"630f9cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"730\" height=\"406\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/zwiezda.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54764\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/zwiezda.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/zwiezda-300x167.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/zwiezda-370x206.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/zwiezda-410x228.jpg 410w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 730px) 100vw, 730px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-83d091f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"83d091f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3858a2d sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"3858a2d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a8675a sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a8675a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"12\">In <b data-path-to-node=\"12\" data-index-in-node=\"3\">Zwiezda<\/b>, there are two crew cabins (with one window in each), a refrigerator, a freezer, a toilet, communication and navigation equipment, gym exercise equipment, an orbit correction system with a fuel supply, and a system for obtaining oxygen from wastewater. It also has three docking nodes: the axial rear one is used for connections with Soyuz-TM and Soyuz-TMA ships and Progress-M transporters, as well as M1 and ATV; the axial front one is for a permanent connection with the <b data-path-to-node=\"12\" data-index-in-node=\"485\">Zaria<\/b> module; two nodes located at the top and bottom in the front part are intended for attaching further Russian ISS elements.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"13\"><b data-path-to-node=\"13\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Zwiezda<\/b> was launched into orbit using a Proton-K rocket on July 12, 2000, at 04:56:36 UTC. Its connection with the ISS took place two weeks later \u2013 on July 26 at 00:44:44 UTC.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"13\"><b data-path-to-node=\"15\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Destiny<\/b> &#8211; is the primary research laboratory for American research projects aboard the International Space Station. It was connected to the Unity module and activated within five days at the beginning of February 2001. This module is NASA&#8217;s first orbital research station since the last crewed occupancy of the Skylab space station in February 1974.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-43e1c4c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"43e1c4c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-77654b4 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"77654b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1278a7 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f1278a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"819\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/destiny-1024x819.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54741\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/destiny-1024x819.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/destiny-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/destiny-768x614.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/destiny-1536x1228.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/destiny-2048x1638.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/destiny-370x296.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/destiny-840x672.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/destiny-410x328.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/destiny-730x584.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d853e16 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"d853e16\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7259bd8 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"7259bd8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfc463e sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bfc463e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"3\">The aluminum module is 8.5 meters long and 4.3 meters wide. It is divided into three cylindrical sections and two cone-shaped end sections. These cones contain hatches through which astronauts enter and exit the module. <b data-path-to-node=\"3\" data-index-in-node=\"220\">Destiny<\/b> is connected to the front wall of the Unity module.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"4\">Similar to the planned Japanese and European laboratories attached to the ISS, research payloads inside <b data-path-to-node=\"4\" data-index-in-node=\"104\">Destiny<\/b> are arranged in International Standard Payload Racks (ISPR). Each rack weighs about 540 kg. <b data-path-to-node=\"4\" data-index-in-node=\"204\">Destiny<\/b> was placed in orbit along with five racks containing life support systems that provide electricity, water cooling, air revitalization, and temperature and humidity control. Seven subsequent racks were sent to the <b data-path-to-node=\"4\" data-index-in-node=\"425\">Destiny<\/b> module aboard the Leonardo Multi-Purpose Logistics Module as part of the STS-102 mission, and another ten were delivered in subsequent missions.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"5\">Four stations contain connections to the module&#8217;s subsystems \u2013 the channels contain cables and pipes that run to and from individual racks and through the laboratory. In total, <b data-path-to-node=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"177\">Destiny<\/b> can accommodate 23 racks \u2013 six on each side and the ceiling, and 5 on the floor.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"6\">Astronauts work inside the pressurized, airtight module. They conduct research there in various fields of science. Scientists from all over the world can use the research results to expand their knowledge in medicine, engineering, biotechnology, materials science, and Earth studies.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"7\">Boeing began construction of the 14.5-ton research laboratory in 1995 at the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. The <b data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"144\">Destiny<\/b> module was delivered to the Kennedy Center in Florida in 1998. NASA began preparations for launch in August 2000. It was placed in orbit on February 7, 2001, aboard the space shuttle Atlantis as part of the STS-98 mission.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"8\">The interior of the laboratory consists mainly of racks and workstations. Equipment is stored in the form of modular racks. The racks are connected to the installation (e.g., electrical) using connectors located at the workstations.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"9\">Connectors in the collar, the space between the Unity and <b data-path-to-node=\"9\" data-index-in-node=\"58\">Destiny<\/b> modules, connect pipes and cables between these modules. Additionally, extra grounding cables will be installed. One side of the grounding will be connected to the Active Common Berthing Mechanism of the Unity module, the other \u2013 to the passive mechanism (Passive Common Berthing Mechanism) of the <b data-path-to-node=\"9\" data-index-in-node=\"364\">Destiny<\/b> module.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"10\">Other systems on <b data-path-to-node=\"10\" data-index-in-node=\"17\">Destiny<\/b> include docking mechanisms (passive and active), hatches, and a laboratory window shutter. The active docking mechanism is located on the front port of the laboratory. It will be connected to the passive connector of the PMA 2 module when the PMA is attached to the front of <b data-path-to-node=\"10\" data-index-in-node=\"300\">Destiny<\/b>. The active connector of the <b data-path-to-node=\"10\" data-index-in-node=\"337\">Destiny<\/b> module cannot be used before the laboratory is activated. The passive connector is located on the rear port. The active connector on the front of the Unity module will be mated with the passive connector of the laboratory to connect <b data-path-to-node=\"10\" data-index-in-node=\"578\">Destiny<\/b> with Unity.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"11\">Each of the two <b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"16\">Destiny<\/b> connectors contains a hatch. The rear hatch (to the Unity module) will be opened and will remain in that position unless a situation requiring laboratory isolation occurs. The forward hatch (to the <b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"222\">Harmony<\/b> module) is also constantly open.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"12\">Each hatch has a window. Hatches can be opened and closed from both sides. The hatch contains a pressure lock that prevents the hatch from opening if the pressure on one side is very low.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"13\"><b data-path-to-node=\"13\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Destiny<\/b> contains a window of a quality that allows for scientific observations of the Earth. This window has a shutter that protects it from potential micrometeorite impacts and orbital debris. The crew manually opens the shutter to use the window.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"14\"><b data-path-to-node=\"14\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Destiny<\/b> also contains a <b data-path-to-node=\"14\" data-index-in-node=\"24\">Minus Eighty Degree Laboratory Freezer for ISS \u2013 MELFI<\/b>, transported to the station in the STS-121 mission. This freezer is used to store samples and substances aboard the ISS, as well as to transport them to and from the station in a temperature-controlled environment.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"15\"><b data-path-to-node=\"15\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">&#8220;Quest&#8221; Joint Airlock and High Pressure Gas Tanks (JAHPGT)<\/b> \u2013 American component of the International Space Station. It was launched into orbit on July 12, 2001, aboard the shuttle Atlantis (STS-104 mission).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-11852f9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"11852f9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0885720 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"0885720\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f88291 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7f88291\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"861\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/quest-1024x861.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54758\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/quest-1024x861.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/quest-300x252.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/quest-768x645.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/quest-1536x1291.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/quest-370x311.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/quest-840x706.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/quest-410x345.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/quest-730x613.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/quest.jpg 1904w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8d681a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"8d681a0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5090a84 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"5090a84\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94217be sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94217be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"2\">This module is a $164 million airlock, <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"5.5\" data-index-in-node=\"39\">$5.5$<\/span> m long, with a diameter of <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"4\" data-index-in-node=\"70\">$4$<\/span> m at its widest point, a mass of <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"6064\" data-index-in-node=\"105\">$6064$<\/span> kg, and a usable volume of <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"34\" data-index-in-node=\"137\">$34$<\/span> m\u00b3, allowing astronauts to exit into outer space. It is made of aluminum and consists of two cylindrical cells connected to each other. The first, in the form of a ring, is a storage room for EMU pressurized suits; the second, in the form of a core, is the actual chamber that is depressurized before starting a spacewalk. This chamber has a hatch through which astronauts can exit and begin operations on the outer structure of the station. Thanks to a special interface, the airlock allows exiting into space in both American (EMU) and Russian (<b data-path-to-node=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"687\">Orlan<\/b>) suits. The airlock&#8217;s design provides for minimal air loss when opening its outer hatch. Four tanks (<b data-path-to-node=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"794\">High Pressure Gas Tanks<\/b>) are installed on the ring chamber, two of which contain oxygen and two nitrogen. Three of these tanks are installed in the lower part of the airlock, one in the upper. The diameter of each tank is exactly <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"90\" data-index-in-node=\"1024\">$90$<\/span> cm, capacity <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"42\" data-index-in-node=\"1040\">$42$<\/span> m\u00b3, mass <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"545.4\" data-index-in-node=\"1052\">$545.4$<\/span> kg. These tanks store gases that create an artificial atmosphere in the airlock chambers; furthermore, they are intended to support air circulation throughout the station. Additionally, the tanks in the spacesuit backpacks are filled with air created this way before each spacewalk. HPGTs are replenished with a new supply of oxygen and nitrogen always at the end of a shuttle mission. The pumping of air components occurs through a system of atmospheric lines connecting with the air control systems on the shuttle. These lines are located in each of the station&#8217;s modules, including the PMA (<b data-path-to-node=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"1652\">Pressurized Mating Adapter<\/b>). Each of the tanks has a special shield against micrometeorites.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"3\">Quest was mounted to one of the horizontal nodes of the Unity module as part of assembly mission 7 A. An ESP2 pallet delivered by the shuttle Discovery during the STS-114 mission is attached to the airlock.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"4\"><b data-path-to-node=\"4\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Harmony (Node 2)<\/b> \u2013 one of three modules serving as connecting corridors between other laboratory modules of the International Space Station.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"5\">Node 2, built by the European Space Agency for NASA, constitutes a hub between three modules: the American <b data-path-to-node=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"107\">Destiny<\/b>, the European <b data-path-to-node=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"129\">Columbus<\/b>, and the Japanese <b data-path-to-node=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"156\">Kib\u014d<\/b>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-38c0217 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"38c0217\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ead0957 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"ead0957\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fb3cb2 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3fb3cb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"280\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/node-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54754\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/node-2.jpg 400w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/node-2-300x210.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/node-2-370x259.jpg 370w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 400px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f52e978 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"f52e978\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1a3cbc1 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"1a3cbc1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ff42e9 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9ff42e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"5\">It has the shape of a cylinder with six connection nodes. Compared to its twin Node 1 (<b data-path-to-node=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"249\">Unity<\/b>), it is slightly longer, while having the same diameter. <b data-path-to-node=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"312\">Harmony<\/b> has racks on board containing instruments responsible for processing electrical energy and transmitting it to the JEM &#8220;<b data-path-to-node=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"439\">Kib\u014d<\/b>&#8221; and Columbus modules.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"6\"><b data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Harmony<\/b> was placed in orbit in October 2007 as part of the STS-120 mission of the shuttle Discovery (assembly mission 10A). During the mission, through one of its horizontal nodes, <b data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"181\">Harmony<\/b> was temporarily attached to the Unity module. On November 14, 2007, the module was moved and connected to the <b data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"299\">Destiny<\/b> laboratory. In turn, PMA-2 (<b data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"335\">Pressurized Mating Adapter 2<\/b>) was connected to the second main horizontal node. The Japanese JEM <b data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"432\">Kib\u014d<\/b> laboratory and the European Columbus laboratory are connected to the remaining two horizontal ports. A canceled CAM module was to be attached to the upper node; in 2015, a PMA-3 docking adapter was attached to it. The lower node is used as an entrance for MPLM containers (until 2011 due to the retirement of space shuttles), HTV <b data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"767\">Kounotori<\/b> vehicles, and is also a docking site for <b data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"818\">Cygnus<\/b> and <b data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"829\">Dragon<\/b> spacecraft.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"7\">Based on an agreement between NASA and ESA, Node 2 was built by the Italian company <b data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"84\">Alenia Spazio<\/b> (now <b data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"103\">Thales Alenia Space<\/b>) at its facility in Turin.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"8\"><b data-path-to-node=\"8\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Columbus<\/b> \u2013 European scientific laboratory intended for the International Space Station (ISS). Initially, it was to constitute the main module of the independent Columbus orbital station planned by ESA.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"9\">The laboratory was originally part of the <i data-path-to-node=\"9\" data-index-in-node=\"42\">Columbus<\/i> program conducted by ESA and aimed at placing an independent crewed station in orbit, allowing for scientific experiments in the field of <b data-path-to-node=\"9\" data-index-in-node=\"189\">microgravity<\/b>. The program was implemented in the years 1986\u20131991. The program initially assumed the construction and launch of three elements \u2013 <b data-path-to-node=\"9\" data-index-in-node=\"333\">Man-Tended Free Flyer<\/b>, the pressurized APM module, and the Polar Platform. The stations were to be serviced by Hermes shuttles. This program was canceled, while subsequent budget cuts meant that ultimately only the APM remained from the <i data-path-to-node=\"9\" data-index-in-node=\"570\">Columbus<\/i> program. The module was renamed Columbus and included in the ISS construction program, of which it is the largest independent European element.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"10\">The laboratory was constructed in Bremen by the European Space Agency and EADS Space Transportation as the main contractor. The flight module, the micrometeorite protection system, the module responsible for temperature, and several other modules were built in Turin at the <b data-path-to-node=\"10\" data-index-in-node=\"274\">Alenia Spazio<\/b> facility.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f2300c2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"f2300c2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e691e8c sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"e691e8c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dccb881 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dccb881\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kolumbus.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54751\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kolumbus.jpg 600w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kolumbus-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kolumbus-370x208.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kolumbus-410x231.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/kolumbus-270x152.jpg 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e6ce46b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"e6ce46b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4cebcea sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"4cebcea\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24783f7 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"24783f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"1\">The Polish contribution to the construction of the laboratory consists of two miniature ARISS antennas designed by a team led by Dr. Pawe\u0142 Kabacik from the Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"3\">Columbus (in the foreground) a few hours after docking with the ISS. Atlantis, the Harmony module (Node 2), and the Destiny laboratory (on the right) are visible in the background. Astronaut Rex Walheim during a spacewalk (EVA) at Columbus.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"4\">Columbus was under construction for 10 years. On May 27, 2006, it was transported from Bremen to the KSC. On February 7, 2008, the module was launched into orbit as part of the STS-122 mission of the Space Shuttle Atlantis. On February 11, 2008, Columbus was attached to the starboard docking port of the Harmony module.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"5\">Ongoing scientific experiments cover such fields of research as plant biology, exobiology, heliophysics, human physiology, and fluid physics. Later, the Japanese scientific module Kib\u014d was also attached to the ISS. It is located on the opposite side of Node 2 relative to the European module.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"6\"><b data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Kib\u014d (JEM)<\/b> \u2013 a Japanese laboratory, a component of the International Space Station (ISS), the first section of which was installed during the STS-123 mission in March 2008. Designed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Kib\u014d&#8217;s primary purpose is to conduct scientific experiments in a vacuum.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"7\">JEM has workstations for two people to work simultaneously; however, up to four ISS crew members can be in the laboratory at the same time.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"8\">System operations and experiments conducted in Kib\u014d are controlled from the Mission Control Room at the Space Station Operations Facility located at the Tsukuba Space Center (Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan).<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"11\">On May 30, 2003, the PM module was transported from Japan to the United States, to the John F. Kennedy Space Center. NASA launched the entire JEM complex into orbit in three flights:<\/p><ol start=\"1\" data-path-to-node=\"12\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"12,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"12,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Kib\u014d Experiment Logistics Module Pressurized Section (ELM-PS)<\/b> \u2013 temporarily attached to the bottom docking port of the Harmony module on March 14, 2008, during the STS-123 mission; after the installation of the PM on June 6, 2008, it was moved to its final location at the top of the PM module.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"12,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"12,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Pressurized Module (PM), Remote Manipulator System (JEMRMS)<\/b> \u2013 attached to the port (left) docking port of Harmony, and then connected to the JEM ELM-PS between June 3\u20138, 2008 (STS-124 mission).<\/p><\/li><\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eeef4fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"eeef4fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9957a7e sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"9957a7e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8021101 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8021101\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"875\" height=\"667\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/jem.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54748\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/jem.jpeg 875w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/jem-300x229.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/jem-768x585.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/jem-370x282.jpeg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/jem-840x640.jpeg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/jem-410x313.jpeg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/jem-730x556.jpeg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 875px) 100vw, 875px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6970e52 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"6970e52\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6a6e26d sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"6a6e26d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9270bb2 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9270bb2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"2\">JEM consists of four parts:<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"3\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">PM (<i data-path-to-node=\"3\" data-index-in-node=\"4\">Pressurized Module<\/i>)<\/b> \u2013 the main component of JEM; a hermetically sealed module \u2013 &#8220;under pressure&#8221;. It is cylindrical in shape (11.2 m high and 4.4 m in diameter), with two nodes \u2013 one horizontal, through which it was mounted to Node 2 (during flight 1 J\/A), and a second vertical node where the ELM-PS was installed. It also features an airlock, which allows for the easy exchange of certain experimental material containers on the EF research platform. The JEMRMS crane was also mounted to the PM. The Kib\u014d module is equipped with 23 racks, 13 of which contain experiment monitoring equipment, while the remaining 10 are intended for experiment objects (5 of the latter will be used by NASA, and the remaining 5 by JAXA). Helium, carbon dioxide, and argon tanks are installed inside the module as experiment components.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"4\"><b data-path-to-node=\"4\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">EF (<i data-path-to-node=\"4\" data-index-in-node=\"4\">Exposed Facility<\/i>)<\/b>, an uncovered installation also simply called the &#8220;terrace&#8221; \u2013 is a research platform attached to the outside of the PM. Payloads with experimental materials placed on it are exposed to the open space environment (high vacuum, strong cosmic radiation, etc.).<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"5\">From inside the station, astronauts can exchange the experiments being conducted using the JEMRMS manipulator.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"6\"><b data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">ELM (<i data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"5\">Experiment Logistics Module<\/i>)<\/b> \u2013 supply and storage modules. One section is hermetically sealed (<b data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"100\">ELM-PS<\/b>, <i data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"108\">Pressurized Section<\/i>) and is connected to the PM module. The second, uncovered section (<b data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"195\">ELM-ES<\/b>, <i data-path-to-node=\"6\" data-index-in-node=\"203\">Exposed Section<\/i>) is attached to the EF platform.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"7\">Both parts were designed to simultaneously serve as containers for transporting supplies to\/from Earth (on board space shuttles), and as storage for experimental materials, system equipment, tools, etc. (when the ELMs are attached to the ISS). <b data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"244\">JEMRMS (<i data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"252\">Remote Manipulator System<\/i>)<\/b> \u2013 a robotic manipulator with equipment that is attached to a port on the PM module. It is used to move equipment to and from the EF platform and the ELM-ES module, as well as to unload the unpressurized segment of HTV Kounotori ships.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"11\">The JEMRMS system consists of:<\/p><ul data-path-to-node=\"12\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"12,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"12,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Main Arm<\/b> \u2013 specialized for moving heavy payloads; it is equipped with a TV camera that allows astronauts to monitor operations from inside the PM module.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"12,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"12,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Small Fine Arm<\/b> \u2013 can be attached to the end of the main arm; intended for performing precision operations and moving small payloads.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"12,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"12,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">RMS console<\/b> \u2013 the crane control station located inside the <i data-path-to-node=\"12,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"59\">Pressurized Module<\/i>. It is equipped, among other things, with a monitor and a control panel for the camera mounted on the main arm, a set of joysticks controlling the rotational and translational movement of the manipulator, and a laptop.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-path-to-node=\"13\"><b data-path-to-node=\"13\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Poisk<\/b> \u2013 a Russian airlock installed on the International Space Station. Structurally, Poisk is very similar to the Pirs airlock. It was attached to the upper node of the Zvezda module.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-003f3a8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"003f3a8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc9d08d sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"cc9d08d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-448a2ce sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"448a2ce\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"680\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/poisk-1024x680.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54757\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/poisk-1024x680.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/poisk-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/poisk-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/poisk-1536x1020.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/poisk-2048x1360.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/poisk-370x246.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/poisk-840x558.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/poisk-410x272.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/poisk-730x485.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1f00583 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"1f00583\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-93a1e6b sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"93a1e6b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f729310 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f729310\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"2\">It was originally intended to be attached to one of the side ports of the Universal Docking Module. Construction of the airlock began in 2002; however, it was interrupted after the suspension and subsequent cancellation of the Universal Docking Module. The decision to continue work was not made until October 2007. Construction resumed in June 2008 and was completed in early 2009.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"3\">The module was launched on November 10, 2009, at 14:22 UTC via a Soyuz-U rocket. Similar to the Pirs module, Poisk reached the station using a modified instrumentation and propulsion segment of a Progress spacecraft. Docking with the ISS took place on November 12, 2009, at 15:41 UTC. On December 8, 2009, at 00:16 UTC, the instrumentation and propulsion segment was detached from MRM-2 and subsequently burned up in the Earth&#8217;s atmosphere.<\/p><h3 data-path-to-node=\"5\"><b data-path-to-node=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Tranquility (Node 3)<\/b><\/h3><p data-path-to-node=\"6\">The last of the planned connecting modules for the International Space Station (ISS), which, like its twins Node 1 (Unity) and Node 2 (Harmony), serves as a corridor between various sections of the station.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a07e86c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"a07e86c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-934bdc1 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"934bdc1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf4708c sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cf4708c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"576\" height=\"361\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/node-3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54755\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/node-3.jpg 576w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/node-3-300x188.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/node-3-370x232.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/node-3-410x257.jpg 410w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 576px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0fd0e0c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"0fd0e0c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9a1b5f5 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"9a1b5f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-94579e1 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"94579e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"7\">The module was built for NASA by Thales Alenia Space in Turin under a contract with the European Space Agency. Construction of Node 3 began in 2006, with completion originally planned for May 2008. The module was delivered to the John F. Kennedy Space Center in May 2009 aboard an Airbus Beluga aircraft. It was attached to the ISS in February 2010 along with the Cupola module via the shuttle Endeavour during the STS-130 mission.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"8\">Initial plans depicted Node 3 as a nearly identical module (compared to Node 1 and Node 2); however, it was later decided that Node 3 would partially replace the canceled Transhab. Under the new design, the module would house many devices originally intended for Transhab, including:<\/p><ul data-path-to-node=\"9\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,0,0\">A refrigerator-freezer<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,1,0\">A treadmill<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,2,0\">A kitchen<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,3,0\">A storage area<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,4,0\">Water tanks<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,5,0\">A toilet (<i data-path-to-node=\"9,5,0\" data-index-in-node=\"10\">Waste and Hygiene Compartment<\/i>)<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,6,0\">Special compartments for clothing, medicine, and food<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-path-to-node=\"10\">Additionally, the module contains the station&#8217;s atmospheric revitalization system, which removes contaminants from the air and monitors\/controls atmospheric content, as well as a modern life support system (waste water recovery, oxygen production).<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"11\">The Cupola observation module was attached to the module (inside which the control station for the Canadarm2 manipulator\u2014the <i data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"125\">Robotic Work Station<\/i>\u2014is located). A canceled habitation module was also intended to be attached to Node 3.<\/p><h3 data-path-to-node=\"12\"><b data-path-to-node=\"12\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Cupola<\/b><\/h3><p data-path-to-node=\"13\">An observation module of the International Space Station, designed and built by Alenia Spazio (now Thales Alenia Space) on behalf of the European Space Agency. Alenia Spazio was the prime contractor and coordinated the work of six other firms: APCO (Switzerland), CASA (Spain), EADS (Germany), SAAB Ericsson and Lindholmen Development (Sweden), and Verhaert (Belgium).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71e5c6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"71e5c6c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2d985ba sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"2d985ba\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6328310 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6328310\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"682\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/cupola-1024x682.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54740\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/cupola-1024x682.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/cupola-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/cupola-768x511.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/cupola-370x246.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/cupola-840x559.webp 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/cupola-410x273.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/cupola-730x486.webp 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/cupola.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e964be9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"e964be9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-07e128c sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"07e128c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b028ead sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b028ead\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"2\">The interior of the Cupola was specifically designed to house one of two identical RWS (<b data-path-to-node=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"88\">Robotic Work Station<\/b>) workstations, which control the operation of the Canadarm2 robotic arm.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"3\">The Cupola allows for a direct, panoramic view from inside the station of: operations performed by the robotic manipulator, spacewalks by astronauts, space shuttle docking maneuvers, and technical inspections of external equipment. It also serves as an excellent observation point for Earth and other celestial bodies.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"4\">The Cupola is approximately 2 meters in diameter and 1.5 meters in height. It features six trapezoidal side windows and one circular top window with a diameter of 80 cm (all made of armored glass). Each window is further equipped with a shutter to protect against impacts from micrometeoroids and space debris.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"7\"><b data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Rassvet<\/b> is a Russian module of the International Space Station. It is primarily used for cargo storage and as a docking module for the station. It was delivered to the ISS during the STS-132 mission of the space shuttle Atlantis in May 2010.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"8\">Rassvet, adapted for launch by an American shuttle under barter agreements, was completed in 2009 and delivered to Florida on December 17 for final testing and flight preparation. Packed with supplies, the module was launched along with the rest of the cargo and the mission crew from Launch Complex 39 at the Kennedy Center on May 14, 2010. According to the plan, on the fifth day of the mission (May 18, 2010), Rassvet was connected to the station by the STS-132 crew. It was guided out of the shuttle&#8217;s cargo bay using the Atlantis shuttle arm and then docked to the bottom (nadir, facing Earth) node of the Zarya module using the Canadarm2 manipulator. The hatch connecting the new module to the station was opened for the first time on May 20. Specifically protected cosmonauts entered Rassvet to remove any noticed metal shavings.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"9\">In terms of construction, the module is strikingly similar to the shuttle docking module that operated from 1995 to 2001 on the Mir station. Its early design, under the name SGM (<b data-path-to-node=\"9\" data-index-in-node=\"179\">Stykowoczno-Gruzowoj Modu\u0142<\/b>) \/ DCM (<b data-path-to-node=\"9\" data-index-in-node=\"214\">Docking and Cargo Module<\/b>), was ready in 2006. Rassvet is equipped with two docking nodes: one is attached to Zarya, while the second (designated as SO-3\/DC-3) is used for docking Soyuz and Progress vehicles, which had become difficult after the Tranquility module was attached to the station.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"10\">The applied nodes (SSWP G4000 type) allow for the transfer of fuel from an attached Progress vehicle to the Zvezda module. Furthermore, the module has a small airlock and a radiator for the planned Russian Multipurpose Laboratory Module Nauka, as well as an extension for the European Robotic Arm, which was intended to be launched in 2015.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c993d91 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"c993d91\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4b93e63 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"4b93e63\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3824a7b sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3824a7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/rasswiet-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54759\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/rasswiet-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/rasswiet-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/rasswiet-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/rasswiet-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/rasswiet-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/rasswiet-370x247.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/rasswiet-840x560.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/rasswiet-410x273.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/rasswiet-730x487.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-227a1de elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"227a1de\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-40c652e sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"40c652e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc4f22a sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cc4f22a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"2\">Rassvet was built in two years by the &#8220;Energia&#8221; company, named after S.P. Korolev, using a pressurized equipment compartment from an unrealized element of the Russian segment of the ISS\u2014the Science Power Platform (NEP).<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"3\">Small Research Module 1 contains five multipurpose workstations for conducting research in the pressurized section, four of which are equipped with scientific instrumentation aids: a glovebox, multipurpose biotechnological thermostats (low-temperature and high-temperature), and a vibration isolation platform. The fifth workstation is to be equipped with adapters allowing for the connection of specialized scientific equipment (special sliding modular shelves). Several experiments were planned before launch. Inside, there is also to be one workstation for conducting experiments on the external surface of the module.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"4\"><b data-path-to-node=\"4\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Multi-Purpose Logistics Module (MPLM)<\/b> \u2013 a large pressurized container used in American space shuttle supply missions to transport cargo to and from the International Space Station (ISS). The module was carried into orbit in the shuttle&#8217;s cargo bay and attached to one of the free docking nodes of the Unity module for the duration of the mission; it was then unloaded of tools and equipment needed on the station, and filled with used station components and waste. At the end of the mission, the module returned to the shuttle&#8217;s cargo bay.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-28739d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"28739d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-75f5d1b sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"75f5d1b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-940eeb7 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"940eeb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"674\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/wielofunkcyjny-logistyczny-1024x674.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54761\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/wielofunkcyjny-logistyczny-1024x674.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/wielofunkcyjny-logistyczny-300x197.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/wielofunkcyjny-logistyczny-768x505.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/wielofunkcyjny-logistyczny-1536x1011.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/wielofunkcyjny-logistyczny-2048x1347.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/wielofunkcyjny-logistyczny-370x243.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/wielofunkcyjny-logistyczny-840x553.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/wielofunkcyjny-logistyczny-410x270.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/wielofunkcyjny-logistyczny-730x480.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-e040161 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"e040161\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5b98fab sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"5b98fab\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-645f9fb sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"645f9fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"7\">Three twin logistics modules were created and named: <i data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"53\">Leonardo<\/i>, <i data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"63\">Raffaello<\/i>, and <i data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"78\">Donatello<\/i>.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"8\">Compared to Progress spacecraft, the MPLMs offer a much larger storage volume, allowing for the transport of larger items included in the supplies. Their equipment includes, among other things, 16 racks, including special freezers for transporting experiment samples. The MPLM can carry approximately 9 tons of payload. None of the modules have their own power system; however, each is pressurized, maintaining an artificial atmosphere during the flight into orbit and during the return to Earth (the MPLM can remain in orbit for a maximum of 16 days while attached to the ISS).<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"9\">After the STS-131 mission, the MPLM <i data-path-to-node=\"9\" data-index-in-node=\"36\">Leonardo<\/i> was converted into the <b data-path-to-node=\"9\" data-index-in-node=\"68\">Permanent Multi-Purpose Module (PMM)<\/b>, which flew with the STS-133 mission (the final flight of the shuttle Discovery). Among the changes introduced were reinforced module shields to protect against micrometeoroid impacts. The conversion allowed for a permanent connection to the ISS for an unlimited time\u2014thus, the PMM serves as an additional storage room on the ISS.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"10\">The MPLMs were built for NASA by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) and are American property. In settlement, ASI received access to a portion of the U.S. research time on the ISS. The very idea of the module&#8217;s creation was born during the design phase of the never-built Space Station <i data-path-to-node=\"10\" data-index-in-node=\"282\">Freedom<\/i>. Originally, the project was to be carried out by Boeing, but in 1992, ASI announced its readiness to undertake this type of project. Preliminary plans were changed, and in 1993, a project for this module in a version twice as large was created and ultimately accepted. Construction of <i data-path-to-node=\"10\" data-index-in-node=\"576\">Leonardo<\/i> began in April 1996 at the Alenia Spazio factory in Turin. It was delivered to the KSC in August 1998 by an Airbus Beluga aircraft. <i data-path-to-node=\"10\" data-index-in-node=\"717\">Raffaello<\/i> was delivered in August 1999, and <i data-path-to-node=\"10\" data-index-in-node=\"761\">Donatello<\/i> in February 2001.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"11\">The <i data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"4\">Donatello<\/i> module was never used for a flight, and some of its parts were used for the conversion of the <i data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"108\">Leonardo<\/i> module into the PMM.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"14\">The MPLM itself has the form of a cylindrical, pressurized &#8220;large can,&#8221; measuring 6.4 m in length and 4.6 m in diameter. Its volume is 31 <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"m^3\" data-index-in-node=\"138\">$m^3$<\/span>. When empty, it weighs 4082 kg, but it can deliver 9.1 tons of goods.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"15\"><b data-path-to-node=\"15\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Bigelow Expandable Activity Module (BEAM)<\/b> \u2013 an inflatable, test habitation module that has been an element of the International Space Station since 2016, developed by the company Bigelow Aerospace under a contract with NASA. It serves as a test module to be attached to the station in the years 2016\u20132018 to check the suitability of this type of construction in manned astronautics. The company plans to build a second identical module, which will serve as an airlock for its planned commercial station.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-630ff13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"630ff13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ca733e6 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"ca733e6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51c6091 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"51c6091\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/beam-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54738\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/beam-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/beam-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/beam-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/beam-1536x1024.webp 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/beam-2048x1365.webp 2048w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/beam-370x247.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/beam-840x560.webp 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/beam-410x273.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/beam-730x487.webp 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f018be5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"f018be5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-62dd701 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"62dd701\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef4f66f sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ef4f66f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"2\">In early 2010, NASA returned to the idea of using inflatable habitats similar to the Transhab design. At that time, the use of designs from the Bigelow company, which had taken over this technology, was considered. Plans included, among others, a toroidal-shaped module called the Bigelow Expandable Activity Module. This type of module was intended to serve as a test centrifuge construction for the Nautilus-X project. In January 2011, Bigelow anticipated construction and flight preparation within 24 months of signing a contract.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"3\">On December 20, 2012, NASA awarded Bigelow a $17.8 million contract to enable the construction of the module as part of the agency&#8217;s Advanced Exploration Systems program.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"4\">NASA&#8217;s plans were announced in 2013, with a planned launch date for the new module in 2015. The construction deadline was met. The launch of the module, planned for September 2015, was delayed due to the explosion of a Falcon 9 rocket shortly after liftoff during a resupply mission to the International Space Station on June 28, 2015. Ultimately, the BEAM module was launched into space on April 8, 2016, using a Falcon 9 rocket in its new <i data-path-to-node=\"4\" data-index-in-node=\"441\">Full Thrust<\/i> version, as part of the CRS-8 resupply mission.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"6\">Bigelow Aerospace plans to build a second BEAM module, which will serve as an airlock for Bigelow&#8217;s planned commercial station. The module&#8217;s structure will allow it to accommodate up to three people at once\u2014one more than the airlocks on the ISS allow.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"7\">The version of the module contracted by NASA is cylindrical in shape and is smaller than the originally planned torus. As part of the contract signed in May 2013, the Sierra Nevada Corporation manufactured the $2 million Common Berthing Mechanism, which is used to moor the module to the ISS.<\/p><h3 data-path-to-node=\"8\"><b data-path-to-node=\"8\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Multipurpose Laboratory Module &#8220;Nauka&#8221;<\/b><\/h3><p data-path-to-node=\"9\"><b data-path-to-node=\"9\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Multipurpose Laboratory Module &#8220;Nauka&#8221;<\/b> \u2013 a module funded by the Russian agency Roscosmos, which was launched into Earth orbit and attached to the International Space Station in 2021.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-af0f63d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"af0f63d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0da4328 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"0da4328\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9561c78 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9561c78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/rasswiet-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54759\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/rasswiet-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/rasswiet-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/rasswiet-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/rasswiet-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/rasswiet-2048x1366.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/rasswiet-370x247.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/rasswiet-840x560.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/rasswiet-410x273.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/rasswiet-730x487.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-86db846 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"86db846\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fc2106c sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"fc2106c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ccc525 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ccc525\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"2\">The hull of the &#8220;Nauka&#8221; module was built in the 1990s, based on the design of the TKS transport spacecraft from the late 1960s. The module, then named FGB-2 (<i data-path-to-node=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"158\">Functional Cargo Block-2<\/i>), was built by the Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center as a backup unit in case the FGB &#8220;Zarya&#8221; module was lost. &#8220;Zarya&#8221; was placed in orbit in 1998, becoming the beginning of the International Space Station, while the 80% complete FGB-2 module remained on Earth. The Russian side proposed using it as a replacement for the American &#8220;Destiny&#8221; module, whose launch was delayed, but in 2001 it too reached orbit. It was also proposed to convert FGB-2 into a universal docking module, but that idea was abandoned.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"3\">In 2004, it was decided that the backup module would be converted into a laboratory for the Russian Orbital Segment of the International Space Station and sent in 2007. This required a thorough reconstruction. Work was delayed; the launch date was postponed to 2009, and then to 2012. In December 2012, the module was transferred from the Khrunichev Center to RKK Energia for testing.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"5\">In 2013, a series of defects were detected in the module. A leak was discovered in one of the propulsion system valves, caused by metal shavings in the fuel lines. An official review indicated that the shavings resulted from failure to follow work procedures (unofficial reports suggested workers were convinced the module&#8217;s components were intended for scrapping). At the end of the year, the module returned to the Khrunichev Center; the launch date was moved to 2016.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"6\">In 2017, the same type of metal shavings were found in the module&#8217;s fuel tanks. Attempts to clean them failed, and eventually, all original lines and valves were dismantled. In 2020, May 2021 was indicated as the launch date. After testing was completed, the module was finally ready for launch in July 2021.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"7\">On September 3, 2021, cosmonauts Oleg Novitsky and Pyotr Dubrov, dressed in Orlan spacesuits, performed a spacewalk to install cabling on Nauka. On September 9, 2021, a second spacewalk took place to connect space equipment to the MLM. On January 19, 2022, cosmonauts Anton Shkaplerov and Pyotr Dubrov performed a third spacewalk to install connections between Nauka and Prichal.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"8\">On November 21, 2023, Nauka&#8217;s airlock was integrated with the Russian segment of the International Space Station, marking the 25th anniversary of launching Zarya to the ISS.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"9\">The module was ultimately launched into Earth orbit on July 21, 2021, at 16:58 CEST. A Proton-M rocket carried it from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The module separated from the rocket and deployed its communication antennas and solar panels.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"11\">Shortly after launch, problems appeared with the &#8220;Nauka&#8221; module. It was not possible to start its main engines, but the ground crew managed to raise the orbit using backup thrusters. There was also an issue with the Kurs docking system, which was meant to be used for safe docking with the station.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"12\">&#8220;Nauka&#8221; was intended to be attached to the nadir docking port on the &#8220;Zvezda&#8221; module adapter. Since 2001, the &#8220;Pirs&#8221; airlock had been attached to this port. It was detached and burned up in the Earth&#8217;s atmosphere along with a Progress cargo ship. Due to the problems with &#8220;Nauka,&#8221; the detachment of the airlock was delayed by several days compared to the plan. &#8220;Nauka&#8221; docked with the station on July 29, 2021, at 13:29 UTC (15:29 Polish time).<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"13\">Problems did not end after docking. A few hours after connecting to the ISS, the module unexpectedly started its engines as if it were trying to move away from the station to which it was already attached. The cause was an error in the module&#8217;s software. As a result, control over the orientation of the International Space Station was lost, and it rotated by approximately <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"540^\\circ\" data-index-in-node=\"374\">$540^\\circ$<\/span>. To stop the rotation, the engines of the &#8220;Zvezda&#8221; module and the &#8220;Progress&#8221; ship were started. Nauka&#8217;s engines shut off after 15 minutes, and the station returned to its proper orientation.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"14\">&#8220;Nauka&#8221; is the largest module in the Russian orbital segment of the ISS. It serves primarily as a laboratory and also has an airlock allowing for spacewalks. The module contains sanitary facilities, an air regeneration system, and can sleep one cosmonaut.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"15\">For laboratory research, the Nauka module provides over 30 universal workstations (URM). The high degree of automation of MLM-U Nauka reduces the number of costly spacewalks\u2014many operations outside the cabin can be performed without leaving the station. Outside the module, there are 13 external universal workstations (URM-N) and the ERA manipulator for automated handling or maintenance. In Nauka&#8217;s pressurized compartment, 20 internal universal workstations (URM-W) are organized. URM-W workstations include four stations with sliding shelves, including a glovebox, a frame with an automatically rotating anti-vibration platform, and a station with a 426 mm diameter porthole for visual, instrumental, and other observations.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"17\">Along with &#8220;Nauka,&#8221; the <b data-path-to-node=\"17\" data-index-in-node=\"24\">European Robotic Arm (ERA)<\/b> arrived at the station, which serves the Russian part of the International Space Station, operating on the exterior. In November 2021, a new connecting module, &#8220;<b data-path-to-node=\"17\" data-index-in-node=\"212\">Prichal<\/b>,&#8221; was attached to the nadir port of the MLM-U.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"18\"><b data-path-to-node=\"18\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Pirs<\/b> \u2013 a Russian airlock that was part of the International Space Station (ISS) from 2001\u20132021. It allowed for spacewalks without the need for prior depressurization of the &#8220;Zarya&#8221; and &#8220;Zvezda&#8221; module forward sections. It was built by RKK Energia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a304449 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"a304449\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4f78bc5 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"4f78bc5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d706505 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d706505\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"572\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/pirs-1024x572.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54756\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/pirs-1024x572.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/pirs-300x168.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/pirs-768x429.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/pirs-370x207.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/pirs-410x229.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/pirs-840x470.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/pirs-730x408.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/pirs-270x152.jpg 270w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/pirs.jpg 1279w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-110aacc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"110aacc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fa79402 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"fa79402\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8b5281 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d8b5281\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"3\">Pirs was launched into orbit as part of mission 4R via a Soyuz-U rocket. The launch took place on September 14, 2001, at 23:34:55 UTC from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. On September 17 at 01:05 UTC, thanks to a propulsion system borrowed from Progress-M spacecraft designs (the complex, which included Pirs during its flight to the station, was designated Progress-M-S01), it automatically docked to the bottom vertical node of the Zvezda module. After this operation, the propulsion section that delivered the airlock to the Zvezda port was jettisoned as it was no longer needed and burned up in the atmosphere.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"4\">In addition to its function as an airlock, Pirs also served as a port for Soyuz manned spacecraft and Progress cargo ships. Fuel delivered to the station by Russian cargo ships was also pumped through the module.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"5\">Compared to other Russian modules, Pirs was small. The module&#8217;s launch mass was 4,350 kg, while its mass in orbit was 3,580 kg. The module&#8217;s length was 4.91 m, and its maximum diameter was 2.55 m. Its internal volume was approximately 13 <span class=\"math-inline\" data-math=\"m^3\" data-index-in-node=\"238\">$m^3$<\/span>. Pirs featured two external hatches with a diameter of 1 meter; this size was entirely sufficient for comfortably exiting the station structure in Russian Orlan spacesuits. The hatches were equipped with windows with an internal diameter of 228 mm. Handrails were placed around the hatches, both outside and inside the module, to help cosmonauts pass through the opening.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"6\">Pirs was equipped with its own ventilation system as well as a room for spacesuits. Meanwhile, the basic equipment installed on the outside of the airlock consisted of two Strela cranes. In 2012, both cranes were detached from Pirs and moved to the Poisk airlock (Strela-1) and the Zarya module (Strela-2). This operation was carried out because Pirs was intended to make way for the new MLM Nauka module in 2013. After many construction delays, Nauka reached the ISS in 2021. Due to problems with the new module, the undocking of Pirs was postponed. Pirs was finally detached on July 26, 2021, at 10:55 UTC and deorbited four hours later at 14:51 UTC.<\/p><h3 data-path-to-node=\"8\"><b data-path-to-node=\"8\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Supply Ships<\/b><\/h3><p data-path-to-node=\"9\">In addition to crew exchanges, it is essential to supply the station with food, spare parts, materials, and research equipment. Due to the prospect of retiring the American space shuttles in 2011, it became necessary by the end of the first decade of the 21st century to find other ways to resupply the station. Russian Progress transport ships, due to their low cargo capacity, were unable to fully fulfill these tasks. Consequently, the station partners\u2014the European ESA and the Japanese JAXA\u2014undertook the construction of new, larger transport ships launched into orbit by their own rockets, which were named ATV and HTV (Kounotori), respectively.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f8be53c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"f8be53c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-dc69324 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"dc69324\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efbc59d sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"efbc59d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"794\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/atv-1024x794.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54737\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/atv-1024x794.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/atv-300x233.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/atv-768x596.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/atv-370x287.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/atv-840x652.webp 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/atv-410x318.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/atv-730x566.webp 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/atv.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8d79c44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"8d79c44\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8e2677c sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"8e2677c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-176ac7d sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"176ac7d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>After completing five successful resupply flights between 2008 and 2015, the ATV ships were retired from service. Meanwhile, the HTV ships, which also performed five flights between 2009 and 2015, were expected to remain in operation until 2019.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dd3003e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"dd3003e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9859944 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"9859944\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32a4c99 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"32a4c99\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"840\" height=\"472\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/htv.avif\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54742\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/htv.avif 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/htv-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/htv-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/htv-370x208.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/htv-410x230.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/htv-730x410.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/htv-270x152.jpg 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 840px) 100vw, 840px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cc12c75 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"cc12c75\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1a03cbc sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"1a03cbc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aefd80b sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aefd80b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Furthermore, as part of the Commercial Resupply Services program, commercial spacecraft built by private astronautics companies reach the ISS: Cygnus from Orbital Sciences Corporation and Dragon produced by SpaceX. To date, there have been more than 22 launches of these spacecraft, of which over 20 have successfully delivered supplies to the station under the Commercial Resupply Services program.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-22ca282 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"22ca282\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-52217e7 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"52217e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-937482b sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-trx_sc_button\" data-id=\"937482b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"trx_sc_button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div\tclass=\"sc_item_button sc_button_wrap\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/space-stations\/\" class=\"sc_button sc_button_default sc_button_size_normal sc_button_with_icon sc_button_icon_left\" ><span class=\"sc_button_icon\"><span class=\"icon-reply\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"sc_button_text\"><span class=\"sc_button_title\">Space Stations<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>International Space Station \u2013 ISS \u2013 the first space station built with the participation of many countries. It consists of 43 modules and elements and allows for the simultaneous stay&hellip;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-54734","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>International Space Station - Space Lovers Club<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/de\/international-space-station\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"de_DE\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"International Space Station - Space Lovers Club\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"International Space Station \u2013 ISS \u2013 the first space station built with the participation of many countries. 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