{"id":54631,"date":"2025-11-29T17:43:39","date_gmt":"2025-11-29T16:43:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/?page_id=54631"},"modified":"2025-11-29T17:57:57","modified_gmt":"2025-11-29T16:57:57","slug":"soyuz","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/pl\/soyuz\/","title":{"rendered":"Sojuz"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"54631\" class=\"elementor elementor-54631\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-be57438 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"be57438\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7eb09bc sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"7eb09bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e18cff sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1e18cff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"737\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/start.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54633\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/start.jpeg 960w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/start-300x230.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/start-768x590.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/start-370x284.jpeg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/start-840x645.jpeg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/start-410x315.jpeg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/start-730x560.jpeg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-231183a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"231183a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d21a6f9 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"d21a6f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f959c72 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f959c72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sojuz - seria radzieckich, a p\u00f3\u017aniej rosyjskich statk\u00f3w kosmicznych. Program zosta\u0142 zainicjowany na pocz\u0105tku lat 60. jako cz\u0119\u015b\u0107 radzieckiego programu l\u0105dowania na Ksi\u0119\u017cycu. Program obejmuje zar\u00f3wno kapsu\u0142\u0119, jak i rakiet\u0119 no\u015bn\u0105, obie nazwane \"Sojuz\". Nale\u017cy zauwa\u017cy\u0107, \u017ce nazwa Program Sojuz \u015bci\u015ble odnosi si\u0119 tylko do pierwszych lot\u00f3w kapsu\u0142 maj\u0105cych na celu przygotowanie do misji ksi\u0119\u017cycowych. Pocz\u0105wszy od misji Sojuz 11, loty odbywa\u0142y si\u0119 w ramach innych program\u00f3w - Almaz, Salyut, Mir i ISS.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-180e06a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"180e06a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c5c96b3 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"c5c96b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9da843 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f9da843\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"658\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/soyuz-1-1024x658.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54634\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/soyuz-1-1024x658.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/soyuz-1-300x193.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/soyuz-1-768x493.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/soyuz-1-370x238.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/soyuz-1-840x540.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/soyuz-1-410x263.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/soyuz-1-730x469.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/soyuz-1.jpg 1169w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-56f7035 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"56f7035\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc0ce7b sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"cc0ce7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04bb112 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"04bb112\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"my-2 [&amp;+p]:mt-4 [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:inline-block [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:pb-2\">L\u0105dowanie na Ksi\u0119\u017cycu zosta\u0142o porzucone, gdy narastaj\u0105ce problemy techniczne uczyni\u0142y oczywistym, \u017ce Amerykanie dotr\u0105 tam pierwsi. Sojuz przetrwa\u0142 jednak koniec radzieckich marze\u0144 o Ksi\u0119\u017cycu i rozwin\u0105\u0142 si\u0119 w seri\u0119 pojazd\u00f3w cywilnych i wojskowych, wykorzystywanych g\u0142\u00f3wnie w po\u0142\u0105czeniu ze stacjami kosmicznymi. Kapsu\u0142y Sojuz s\u0105 produkowane od prawie 50 lat - w tym czasie zbudowano ponad 240 pojazd\u00f3w (pplx:\/\/action\/translate). Statki kosmiczne Sojuz okaza\u0142y si\u0119 najbardziej d\u0142ugowiecznymi za\u0142ogowymi statkami kosmicznymi w historii. Swoj\u0105 d\u0142ugowieczno\u015b\u0107 zawdzi\u0119czaj\u0105 mi\u0119dzy innymi \u0142atwo\u015bci modyfikacji, modernizacji i adaptacji do r\u00f3\u017cnych misji.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-37f1a17 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"37f1a17\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a984944 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"a984944\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4266863 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4266863\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"719\" height=\"600\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sojuz-3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54635\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sojuz-3.jpg 719w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sojuz-3-300x250.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sojuz-3-370x309.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sojuz-3-410x342.jpg 410w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 719px) 100vw, 719px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6008e13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"6008e13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f196e3 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"7f196e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7699b7 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7699b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"my-2 [&amp;+p]:mt-4 [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:inline-block [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:pb-2\"><span class=\"group-hover\/language-learning:border-foreground border-subtle cursor-pointer hyphens-auto break-words border-b-2 border-dotted outline-none transition-colors duration-200 ease-out font-sans text-base font-medium text-foreground selection:bg-super\/50 selection:text-foreground dark:selection:bg-super\/10 dark:selection:text-super\">G\u0142\u00f3wnym celem projektowym by\u0142o zminimalizowanie ca\u0142kowitej masy pojazdu. W tym celu postanowiono przede wszystkim zredukowa\u0107 mas\u0119 modu\u0142u l\u0105dowania do absolutnego minimum. Cel ten zosta\u0142 osi\u0105gni\u0119ty na dwa sposoby. Po pierwsze, wszystkie systemy niepotrzebne podczas wej\u015bcia w atmosfer\u0119 i l\u0105dowania zosta\u0142y umieszczone w oddzielnym, wyrzucanym module orbitalnym, po\u0142\u0105czonym z modu\u0142em l\u0105dowania za pomoc\u0105 w\u0142azu. Ka\u017cdy zaoszcz\u0119dzony w ten spos\u00f3b kilogram masy odejmuje a\u017c dwa kilogramy od ca\u0142kowitej masy pojazdu - modu\u0142 orbitalny nie musi by\u0107 chroniony przez ci\u0119\u017ck\u0105 os\u0142on\u0119 termiczn\u0105 ani wyposa\u017cony w spadochrony hamuj\u0105ce. Po drugie, modu\u0142 l\u0105downika mia\u0142 mie\u0107 kszta\u0142t o jak najlepszym stosunku powierzchni do obj\u0119to\u015bci - kul\u0119 lub kszta\u0142t jak najbardziej zbli\u017cony do kuli. Ostatecznie wybrano p\u00f3\u0142kul\u0119 zako\u0144czon\u0105 sto\u017ckiem, kt\u00f3ry po\u0142\u0105czy\u0142 j\u0105 z p\u00f3\u0142kulist\u0105 os\u0142on\u0105 termiczn\u0105.<\/span><\/p><h3 class=\"my-2 [&amp;+p]:mt-4 [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:inline-block [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:pb-2\"><span class=\"group-hover\/language-learning:border-foreground border-subtle cursor-pointer hyphens-auto break-words border-b-2 border-dotted outline-none transition-colors duration-200 ease-out font-sans text-base font-medium text-foreground selection:bg-super\/50 selection:text-foreground dark:selection:bg-super\/10 dark:selection:text-super\">Generacje kapsu\u0142ek<\/span><\/h3><p class=\"my-2 [&amp;+p]:mt-4 [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:inline-block [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:pb-2\"><span class=\"group-hover\/language-learning:border-foreground border-subtle cursor-pointer hyphens-auto break-words border-b-2 border-dotted outline-none transition-colors duration-200 ease-out font-sans text-base font-medium text-foreground selection:bg-super\/50 selection:text-foreground dark:selection:bg-super\/10 dark:selection:text-super\">Kapsu\u0142y Sojuz przesz\u0142y w swojej historii wiele modyfikacji i mo\u017cna je podzieli\u0107 na kilka generacji. Pojazdy Sojuz o numerach od 1 do 11 (1967-1971) by\u0142y pierwsz\u0105 generacj\u0105 - przewozi\u0142y trzyosobow\u0105 za\u0142og\u0119 bez skafandr\u00f3w kosmicznych. Mia\u0142y charakterystycznie zakrzywione panele s\u0142oneczne i korzysta\u0142y z automatycznego systemu dokowania Igla, kt\u00f3ry wymaga\u0142 u\u017cycia anten radarowych. Generacja ta obejmowa\u0142a zar\u00f3wno oryginalne kapsu\u0142y Sojuz, jak i kapsu\u0142y przystosowane do dokowania ze stacjami orbitalnymi programu Salyut. Pierwsze 9 jednostek tej generacji nie by\u0142o wyposa\u017conych w wewn\u0119trzn\u0105 \u015bluz\u0119 powietrzn\u0105, a transfer za\u0142ogi na stacj\u0119 wymaga\u0142 odbycia spaceru kosmicznego.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5540ef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"5540ef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ff62a4 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"8ff62a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e49454 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7e49454\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/salut.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54636\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/salut.jpg 600w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/salut-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/salut-370x247.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/salut-410x273.jpg 410w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-601abbb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"601abbb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-85ca502 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"85ca502\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc7ff27 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dc7ff27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"border-subtlest ring-subtlest divide-subtlest bg-transparent\"><div class=\"gap-y-md flex flex-col\"><div class=\"relative font-sans text-base text-foreground selection:bg-super\/50 selection:text-foreground dark:selection:bg-super\/10 dark:selection:text-super\"><div class=\"min-w-0 break-words [word-break:break-word]\"><div id=\"markdown-content-5\" class=\"gap-y-md after:clear-both after:block after:content-['']\" dir=\"auto\"><div class=\"my-2 first:mt-0 [&amp;:has([data-inline-type=image])+&amp;:has([data-inline-type=image])_[data-inline-type=image]]:hidden [&amp;:has(table)_[data-inline-type=image]]:hidden [&amp;_h1:first-of-type]:mt-8 [&amp;_h2:first-of-type]:mt-6\"><div class=\"relative\"><div class=\"prose dark:prose-invert inline leading-relaxed break-words min-w-0 [word-break:break-word] prose-strong:font-medium [&amp;_&gt;*:first-child]:mt-0\"><p class=\"my-2 [&amp;+p]:mt-4 [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:inline-block [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:pb-2\"><span class=\"group\/language-learning cursor-pointer\"><span class=\"group-hover\/language-learning:border-foreground border-subtle cursor-pointer hyphens-auto break-words border-b-2 border-dotted outline-none transition-colors duration-200 ease-out font-sans text-base font-medium text-foreground selection:bg-super\/50 selection:text-foreground dark:selection:bg-super\/10 dark:selection:text-super\">Druga generacja, obejmuj\u0105ca pojazdy o numerach od 12 do 40 (1973-1981), by\u0142a wykorzystywana wy\u0142\u0105cznie do transportu za\u0142\u00f3g na stacj\u0119 kosmiczn\u0105. Pojazdy by\u0142y pozbawione paneli s\u0142onecznych, zamiast tego korzysta\u0142y z baterii. Dwuosobowa za\u0142oga nosi\u0142a skafandry kosmiczne przez ca\u0142y lot.<br \/>Trzecia generacja sk\u0142ada\u0142a si\u0119 z pojazd\u00f3w klasy Sojuz-T (1976-1986). Wykorzystywa\u0142y one nowo zaprojektowane, p\u0142askie panele s\u0142oneczne i ponownie mog\u0142y przewozi\u0107 trzyosobow\u0105 za\u0142og\u0119 w skafandrach kosmicznych. Pojazd u\u017cyty w programie Sojuz-Apollo by\u0142 prototypem trzeciej generacji statk\u00f3w kosmicznych Sojuz.<\/span><\/span><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a723dbf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"a723dbf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3a3a9cc sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"3a3a9cc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ae17f6 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2ae17f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"678\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sojuz-T-1024x678.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54638\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sojuz-T-1024x678.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sojuz-T-300x199.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sojuz-T-768x509.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sojuz-T-1536x1017.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sojuz-T-2048x1356.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sojuz-T-370x245.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sojuz-T-840x556.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sojuz-T-410x272.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sojuz-T-730x483.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fa5dee7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"fa5dee7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5af1a6a sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"5af1a6a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b050502 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b050502\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"my-2 [&amp;+p]:mt-4 [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:inline-block [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:pb-2\">Sojuz-TM stanowi\u0142 czwart\u0105 generacj\u0119 statk\u00f3w kosmicznych (1986-2003) i by\u0142 u\u017cywany g\u0142\u00f3wnie do transportu za\u0142\u00f3g na stacj\u0119 kosmiczn\u0105 Mir. By\u0142y one wyposa\u017cone w nowy automatyczny system dokowania, Kurs. Sojuz-TMA (2003-2012) i jego ulepszona wersja Sojuz-TMA-M (2010-2016) to projekty opracowane jako kapsu\u0142y do transportu za\u0142ogi i kapsu\u0142y ratunkowe dla Mi\u0119dzynarodowej Stacji Kosmicznej (ISS). Zosta\u0142y one wyposa\u017cone w nowe wy\u015bwietlacze komputer\u00f3w pok\u0142adowych, nowe spadochrony i wiele mniejszych ulepsze\u0144. Sojuz-MS (z 2016 roku) jest prawdopodobnie ostateczn\u0105 wersj\u0105 pojazdu i jest przeznaczony do obs\u0142ugi ISS. Pierwszy lot (Sojuz MS-01) odby\u0142 si\u0119 w lipcu 2016 roku.<br \/>Modyfikacje i pochodne<br \/>Kapsu\u0142a Sojuz stanowi\u0142a podstaw\u0119 dla wielu pojazd\u00f3w, z kt\u00f3rych wiele nigdy nie wesz\u0142o do s\u0142u\u017cby. W swojej najwcze\u015bniejszej formie kapsu\u0142a mia\u0142a by\u0107 zdolna do podr\u00f3\u017cy na Ksi\u0119\u017cyc bez potrzeby u\u017cycia ogromnej rakiety no\u015bnej, takiej jak Saturn V lub radziecki N1, zamiast tego wykonuj\u0105c seri\u0119 manewr\u00f3w dokowania z g\u00f3rnymi stopniami rakiety no\u015bnej Sojuz pozostawionymi wcze\u015bniej na orbicie i wykorzystuj\u0105c ich paliwo do przyspieszenia. Innym programem rozwojowym by\u0142 pojazd Zond, kt\u00f3ry mia\u0142 umo\u017cliwi\u0107 dw\u00f3m kosmonautom wykonanie przelotu po orbicie oko\u0142oziemskiej. Planowano r\u00f3wnie\u017c kilka wariant\u00f3w wojskowych - w tym \"niszczyciele\" - ale projekty te nigdy nie zosta\u0142y zrealizowane.<\/p><ul class=\"marker:text-quiet list-disc\"><li class=\"py-0 my-0 prose-p:pt-0 prose-p:mb-2 prose-p:my-0 [&amp;&gt;p]:pt-0 [&amp;&gt;p]:mb-2 [&amp;&gt;p]:my-0\"><p class=\"my-2 [&amp;+p]:mt-4 [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:inline-block [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:pb-2\">Sojuz P i Sojuz PPK - warianty \"my\u015bliwca\" przeznaczone do inspekcji i, w razie potrzeby, niszczenia satelit\u00f3w wroga - projekty zosta\u0142y porzucone, gdy ZSRR z powodzeniem przetestowa\u0142 bezza\u0142ogowe satelity-zab\u00f3jc\u00f3w Polot 1 i Polot 2.<\/p><\/li><li class=\"py-0 my-0 prose-p:pt-0 prose-p:mb-2 prose-p:my-0 [&amp;&gt;p]:pt-0 [&amp;&gt;p]:mb-2 [&amp;&gt;p]:my-0\"><p class=\"my-2 [&amp;+p]:mt-4 [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:inline-block [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:pb-2\">Sojuz R - pojazd rozpoznawczo-dowodz\u0105cy sk\u0142adaj\u0105cy si\u0119 z dw\u00f3ch statk\u00f3w kosmicznych Sojuz: komponentu pozostaj\u0105cego na sta\u0142e na orbicie, zbudowanego na bazie Sojuza, w kt\u00f3rym modu\u0142y zej\u015bciowy i orbitalny zast\u0105piono sekcj\u0105 oprzyrz\u0105dowania, oraz modu\u0142u transportowego wyposa\u017conego w pier\u015bcie\u0144 dokuj\u0105cy, kt\u00f3ry dostarcza\u0142 za\u0142og\u0119 na orbit\u0119 - projekt zosta\u0142 anulowany i zast\u0105piony projektem A\u0142maz.<\/p><p><strong>Najbardziej udanym programem pochodnym Sojuza jest seria bezza\u0142ogowych pojazd\u00f3w towarowych Progress, kt\u00f3re wykorzystuj\u0105 system nawigacji i automatycznego dokowania z kapsu\u0142y Sojuz, ale nie zawieraj\u0105 modu\u0142u za\u0142ogowego.<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1a3764d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"1a3764d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-401f7f5 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"401f7f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aff6f3e sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"aff6f3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"506\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Progres.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54639\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Progres.jpg 900w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Progres-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Progres-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Progres-370x208.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Progres-840x472.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Progres-410x231.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Progres-730x410.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/Progres-270x152.jpg 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c66c2eb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"c66c2eb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f633940 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"f633940\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbd7f5d sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dbd7f5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3><span class=\"group-hover\/language-learning:border-foreground border-subtle cursor-pointer hyphens-auto break-words border-b-2 border-dotted outline-none transition-colors duration-200 ease-out font-sans text-base font-medium text-foreground selection:bg-super\/50 selection:text-foreground dark:selection:bg-super\/10 dark:selection:text-super\">Pojazd no\u015bny<\/span><\/h3><p><span class=\"group-hover\/language-learning:border-foreground border-subtle cursor-pointer hyphens-auto break-words border-b-2 border-dotted outline-none transition-colors duration-200 ease-out font-sans text-base font-medium text-foreground selection:bg-super\/50 selection:text-foreground dark:selection:bg-super\/10 dark:selection:text-super\">Znajduj\u0105ca si\u0119 obecnie w s\u0142u\u017cbie rakieta no\u015bna Sojuz-2 jest bezpo\u015brednim rozwini\u0119ciem rakiety R-7, pierwszego na \u015bwiecie mi\u0119dzykontynentalnego pocisku balistycznego. Rakieta sk\u0142ada si\u0119 z czterech wyrzucanych booster\u00f3w, kt\u00f3re w terminologii rosyjskiej tworz\u0105 jej pierwszy stopie\u0144, oraz dwustopniowego centralnego rdzenia. R\u00f3\u017cne wersje rakiet Sojuz by\u0142y u\u017cywane w Zwi\u0105zku Radzieckim i Rosji przez ponad 40 lat, a na mocy porozumienia mi\u0119dzy Rosj\u0105 a Europejsk\u0105 Agencj\u0105 Kosmiczn\u0105, Sojuz-2 rozpocz\u0105\u0142 loty z europejskiego kosmodromu w Gujanie Francuskiej w 2011 roku. Do 2000 roku wystrzelono \u0142\u0105cznie 1628 rakiet wszystkich wariant\u00f3w R-7, a wska\u017anik niezawodno\u015bci wyni\u00f3s\u0142 97,5%. R-7 \/ Sojuz jest zatem najcz\u0119\u015bciej u\u017cywan\u0105 i jedn\u0105 z najbardziej udanych rakiet w historii.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c20d8b2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"c20d8b2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-da7c62b sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"da7c62b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-630f9cf sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"630f9cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"440\" height=\"645\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sojuz-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-54640\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sojuz-2.jpg 440w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sojuz-2-205x300.jpg 205w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sojuz-2-370x542.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/sojuz-2-410x601.jpg 410w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 440px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-83d091f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"83d091f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3858a2d sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"3858a2d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a8675a sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a8675a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"my-2 [&amp;+p]:mt-4 [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:inline-block [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:pb-2\"><span class=\"group-hover\/language-learning:border-foreground border-subtle cursor-pointer hyphens-auto break-words border-b-2 border-dotted outline-none transition-colors duration-200 ease-out font-sans text-base font-medium text-foreground selection:bg-super\/50 selection:text-foreground dark:selection:bg-super\/10 dark:selection:text-super\">Tera\u017aniejszo\u015b\u0107 i przysz\u0142o\u015b\u0107<\/span><\/h3><p class=\"my-2 [&amp;+p]:mt-4 [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:inline-block [&amp;_strong:has(+br)]:pb-2\"><span class=\"group-hover\/language-learning:border-foreground border-subtle cursor-pointer hyphens-auto break-words border-b-2 border-dotted outline-none transition-colors duration-200 ease-out font-sans text-base font-medium text-foreground selection:bg-super\/50 selection:text-foreground dark:selection:bg-super\/10 dark:selection:text-super\">Obecnie pojazdy Sojuz stanowi\u0105 trzon rosyjskiego programu kosmicznego. Po katastrofie ameryka\u0144skiego promu kosmicznego Columbia i ostatnim locie wahad\u0142owca Atlantis, sta\u0142y si\u0119 one jedynym \u015brodkiem transportu za\u0142\u00f3g na Mi\u0119dzynarodow\u0105 Stacj\u0119 Kosmiczn\u0105. Dopiero w 2020 roku zyska\u0142y konkurencj\u0119 w postaci statk\u00f3w kosmicznych Crew Dragon.<br \/>W sierpniu 2005 roku Space Adventures, firma specjalizuj\u0105ca si\u0119 w organizowaniu turystyki kosmicznej, og\u0142osi\u0142a plany przywr\u00f3cenia Sojuzowi jego pierwotnej roli i wykorzystania zmodyfikowanej kapsu\u0142y do oko\u0142oziemskich lot\u00f3w turystycznych.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fd836ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"fd836ad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4c85545 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"4c85545\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c116b6e sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-trx_sc_button\" data-id=\"c116b6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"trx_sc_button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div\tclass=\"sc_item_button sc_button_wrap\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/pl\/spaceships\/\" class=\"sc_button sc_button_default sc_button_size_normal sc_button_with_icon sc_button_icon_left\" ><span class=\"sc_button_icon\"><span class=\"icon-reply\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"sc_button_text\"><span class=\"sc_button_title\">Statki kosmiczne<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Soyuz \u2013 a series of Soviet and later Russian spacecraft. The program was initiated in the early 1960s as part of the Soviet lunar landing program. The program includes both&hellip;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-54631","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Soyuz - Stargaze<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/pl\/soyuz\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Soyuz - Stargaze\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Soyuz \u2013 a series of Soviet and later Russian spacecraft. The program was initiated in the early 1960s as part of the Soviet lunar landing program. 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