{"id":55131,"date":"2026-02-04T08:55:39","date_gmt":"2026-02-04T07:55:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/?page_id=55131"},"modified":"2026-02-16T16:40:28","modified_gmt":"2026-02-16T15:40:28","slug":"space-probes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/pl\/space-probes\/","title":{"rendered":"Sondy kosmiczne"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"55131\" class=\"elementor elementor-55131\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-009742b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"009742b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2351b9a sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"2351b9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f17041 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f17041\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"2\"><b class=\"\" data-path-to-node=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Sonda kosmiczna - bezza\u0142ogowy, prawie zawsze zautomatyzowany statek kosmiczny przeznaczony do prowadzenia bada\u0144 naukowych w przestrzeni kosmicznej.<\/b><span class=\"\"> Sondy kosmiczne s\u0105 wystrzeliwane przez rakiety no\u015bne lub na pok\u0142adzie prom\u00f3w kosmicznych.<\/span><span class=\"\"> Dzi\u0119ki sondom,<\/span><span class=\"\"> Dostarczono prze\u0142omowe dane na temat Uk\u0142adu S\u0142onecznego.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-be57438 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"be57438\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7eb09bc sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"7eb09bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e18cff sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1e18cff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/sonda-1-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55143\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/sonda-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/sonda-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/sonda-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/sonda-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/sonda-1-370x247.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/sonda-1-840x560.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/sonda-1-410x273.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/sonda-1-730x487.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/sonda-1.jpg 1620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-231183a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"231183a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d21a6f9 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"d21a6f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f959c72 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f959c72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"3\">Na chwil\u0119 obecn\u0105, <b data-path-to-node=\"3\" data-index-in-node=\"11\">pi\u0119\u0107<\/b> sond kosmicznych opu\u015bci\u0142o (lub w\u0142a\u015bnie opuszcza) Uk\u0142ad S\u0142oneczny: Voyager 1 i 2, Pioneer 10 i 11 oraz nieco m\u0142odsza New Horizons. Wiadomo, jak daleko si\u0119 znajduj\u0105 i gdzie teoretycznie mo\u017cna je dostrzec na niebie. Z trzema z nich wci\u0105\u017c utrzymywany jest kontakt.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"4\"><b data-path-to-node=\"4\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Najwa\u017cniejsze sondy kosmiczne:<\/b><\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"5\">Venera 7 - radziecka bezza\u0142ogowa sonda kosmiczna, kt\u00f3ra przesz\u0142a do historii jako <b data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"69\">pierwsze urz\u0105dzenie w historii, kt\u00f3re wyl\u0105dowa\u0142o na innej planecie (Wenus) i przes\u0142a\u0142o stamt\u0105d dane na Ziemi\u0119.<\/b> Misja ta by\u0142a cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 programu Venera, maj\u0105cego na celu zbadanie atmosfery i powierzchni Wenus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2cc7ed7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"2cc7ed7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f5aa015 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"f5aa015\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd9cc3e sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bd9cc3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"722\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-2-1024x722.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55257\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-2-1024x722.png 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-2-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-2-768x542.png 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-2-1536x1083.png 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-2-370x261.png 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-2-840x592.png 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-2-410x289.png 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-2-730x515.png 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-2.png 1622w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-023d3fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"023d3fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-36eeba6 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"36eeba6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b249a2f sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b249a2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"2\">Oto najwa\u017cniejsze szczeg\u00f3\u0142y dotycz\u0105ce misji Venera 7:<\/p><ul data-path-to-node=\"3\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"3,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Uruchomienie:<\/b> Sonda zosta\u0142a wystrzelona 17 sierpnia 1970 roku.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"3,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">L\u0105dowanie:<\/b> 15 grudnia 1970 roku l\u0105downik osiad\u0142 na powierzchni Wenus.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"3,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Proces l\u0105dowania:<\/b> Podczas opadania w g\u0119stej atmosferze spadochron sondy cz\u0119\u015bciowo zawi\u00f3d\u0142, co spowodowa\u0142o szybsze opadanie i twarde l\u0105dowanie (pr\u0119dko\u015b\u0107 ok. 16,5 m\/s). Sonda przewr\u00f3ci\u0142a si\u0119 na bok, co ograniczy\u0142o dzia\u0142anie anten, ale nie zniszczy\u0142o urz\u0105dzenia.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"3,3,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Dane z powierzchni:<\/b> Pomimo trudnych warunk\u00f3w, Venera 7 nadawa\u0142a sygna\u0142 przez oko\u0142o 53 minuty, z czego oko\u0142o 20-23 minuty bezpo\u015brednio z powierzchni planety.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9233663 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"9233663\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0484cb0 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"0484cb0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7ace58 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b7ace58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"506\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55145\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start.webp 900w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-370x208.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-840x472.webp 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-410x231.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-730x410.webp 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-270x152.webp 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53f4d89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"53f4d89\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e533a94 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"e533a94\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82af722 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82af722\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><p data-path-to-node=\"3,4,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,4,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Odkrycia:<\/b><\/p><ul data-path-to-node=\"3,4,1\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"3,4,1,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,4,1,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Temperatura:<\/b> Potwierdzono, \u017ce na powierzchni panuje ekstremalna temperatura, szacowana na ok. <b data-path-to-node=\"3,4,1,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"99\">475\u00b0C (\u00b1 20\u00b0C).<\/b><\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"3,4,1,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,4,1,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Ci\u015bnienie:<\/b> Pomiary ci\u015bnienia wykaza\u0142y, \u017ce jest ono oko\u0142o 90-92 razy wy\u017csze ni\u017c na Ziemi (ci\u015bnienie ok. <b data-path-to-node=\"3,4,1,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"110\">90 atm<\/b>).<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"3,4,1,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,4,1,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Atmosfera:<\/b> Potwierdzono sk\u0142ad atmosfery, sk\u0142adaj\u0105cej si\u0119 z dwutlenku w\u0119gla 97%.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"3,5,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,5,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Budowa:<\/b> L\u0105downik zosta\u0142 specjalnie wzmocniony, aby przetrwa\u0107 mia\u017cd\u017c\u0105ce ci\u015bnienie i wysok\u0105 temperatur\u0119, co by\u0142o kluczem do sukcesu po nieudanych wcze\u015bniejszych pr\u00f3bach l\u0105dowania (np. Venera 3).<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa335c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"ffa335c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-67737fb sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"67737fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-039e4b4 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"039e4b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-1.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55256\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-1.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-1-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-1-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-1-370x208.jpeg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-1-840x473.jpeg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-1-410x231.jpeg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-1-730x411.jpeg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-1-270x152.jpeg 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f0c451f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"f0c451f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48e487c sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"48e487c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66cce81 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66cce81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"5\">Venera 7 udowodni\u0142a, \u017ce l\u0105dowanie na Wenus jest mo\u017cliwe, toruj\u0105c drog\u0119 kolejnym, bardziej zaawansowanym sondom z serii Venera.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"5\"><b data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Program Mariner<\/b> - program ameryka\u0144skich misji sond kosmicznych maj\u0105cych na celu przeprowadzenie bada\u0144 Merkurego, Wenus i Marsa. Program Mariner zosta\u0142 zainicjowany przez NASA w 1960 roku i by\u0142 realizowany przez Jet Propulsion Laboratory.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-576543c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"576543c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b83bae1 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"b83bae1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f54c50d sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f54c50d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"539\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-lot.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55247\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-lot.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-lot-300x158.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-lot-768x404.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-lot-370x195.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-lot-840x442.webp 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-lot-410x216.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-lot-730x384.webp 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-01036f2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"01036f2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1dfb729 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"1dfb729\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9adf5af sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9adf5af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"5\">W latach 1962-1973 wys\u0142ano \u0142\u0105cznie 10 sond Mariner, z kt\u00f3rych 3 zosta\u0142y zniszczone lub uleg\u0142y awarii podczas startu. Sondy Mariner wykona\u0142y pierwsze udane przeloty planet znajduj\u0105cych si\u0119 najbli\u017cej Ziemi i zrobi\u0142y pierwsze zbli\u017cenia powierzchni Marsa i Merkurego. Mariner 9 sta\u0142 si\u0119 pierwszym sztucznym satelit\u0105 innej planety. Mariner 10 wykona\u0142 pierwszy manewr asysty grawitacyjnej.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"5\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Mariner 9<\/b> - Sonda kosmiczna NASA wystrzelona przez rakiet\u0119 Atlas Centaur 30 maja 1971 roku. Jej celem by\u0142o dotarcie na orbit\u0119 Marsa i tym samym stanie si\u0119 pierwszym sztucznym satelit\u0105 innej planety, a tak\u017ce wykonanie zdj\u0119\u0107 i przeprowadzenie szeregu bada\u0144 naukowych. Sonda dotar\u0142a do celu 14 listopada tego samego roku, 13 dni przed radzieck\u0105 sond\u0105 Mars 2 (kt\u00f3ra wystartowa\u0142a 11 dni wcze\u015bniej) i sta\u0142a si\u0119 pierwszym sztucznym satelit\u0105 Marsa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6b50192 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"6b50192\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9008c1 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"e9008c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57ed7c6 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"57ed7c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"460\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-3.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55250\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-3.png 960w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-3-300x144.png 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-3-768x368.png 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-3-370x177.png 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-3-840x403.png 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-3-410x196.png 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-3-730x350.png 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffbc39a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"ffbc39a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b716865 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"b716865\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6629bd6 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6629bd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"5\">Pierwsze zdj\u0119cia Marsa zosta\u0142y wykonane pod koniec pa\u017adziernika 1971 roku, ale z powodu gigantycznej burzy py\u0142owej na powierzchni planety nie by\u0142y one zbyt dok\u0142adne. Burza zako\u0144czy\u0142a si\u0119 w styczniu 1972 roku i od tego momentu zdj\u0119cia przesy\u0142ane przez sond\u0119 by\u0142y bardzo dobrej jako\u015bci. W sumie Mariner przes\u0142a\u0142 na Ziemi\u0119 7329 zdj\u0119\u0107 Marsa - wi\u0119cej ni\u017c przewidywano w po\u0142\u0105czonym programie badawczym Marinera 8 i 9 (obejmuj\u0105cym 85% jego powierzchni) oraz jego dw\u00f3ch ksi\u0119\u017cyc\u00f3w, Deimosa i Fobosa. Zdj\u0119cia zosta\u0142y wykorzystane do wybrania miejsc l\u0105dowania dla l\u0105downik\u00f3w Viking w po\u0142owie lat 70-tych. Valles Marineris - rozleg\u0142y system kanion\u00f3w na Marsie - zosta\u0142 nazwany na cze\u015b\u0107 sondy.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5c359a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"a5c359a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8cbc420 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"8cbc420\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88045eb sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"88045eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"291\" height=\"173\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55248\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b525ebf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"b525ebf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-432c22e sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"432c22e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31731b4 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31731b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"5\">Ca\u0142kowita masa sondy wynosi\u0142a 997,9 kg (w tym 439,1 kg paliwa). Mia\u0142a kszta\u0142t o\u015bmiok\u0105ta z czterema panelami baterii s\u0142onecznych o wymiarach 215 x 90 cm ka\u017cdy. Ca\u0142kowita rozpi\u0119to\u015b\u0107 (odleg\u0142o\u015b\u0107 mi\u0119dzy ko\u0144cami przeciwleg\u0142ych paneli) wynosi\u0142a 6,89 m. Baterie dostarcza\u0142y 800 W mocy w pobli\u017cu Ziemi i 500 W na orbicie Marsa. System ogniw s\u0142onecznych nie dostarcza\u0142 energii bezpo\u015brednio do instrument\u00f3w, ale zasila\u0142 akumulator niklowo-kadmowy, kt\u00f3ry po na\u0142adowaniu mia\u0142 napi\u0119cie 26-38 V. Mariner 9 by\u0142 wyposa\u017cony w dwie kamery telewizyjne, radiometr podczerwieni (IRR), spektrometry ultrafioletu (UVS) i podczerwieni (IRIS) oraz sprz\u0119t radiowy z dwiema antenami - paraboliczn\u0105 o \u015brednicy 1 m i dook\u00f3ln\u0105 zamontowan\u0105 na maszcie o d\u0142ugo\u015bci 1,44 m.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-50a9a6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"50a9a6c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0c845bb sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"0c845bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ab341c sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1ab341c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55249\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-2.jpg 400w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-2-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-2-370x296.jpg 370w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 400px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ad18606 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"ad18606\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3ed157c sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"3ed157c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f04181 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f04181\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"6\">Po wyczerpaniu si\u0119 gazu u\u017cywanego do kontroli po\u0142o\u017cenia satelity, Mariner 9 zosta\u0142 wy\u0142\u0105czony 27 pa\u017adziernika 1972 roku. Wed\u0142ug \u00f3wczesnych szacunk\u00f3w NASA, sonda mia\u0142a pozosta\u0107 na orbicie Marsa przez oko\u0142o 50 lat. Prawdopodobnie wesz\u0142a w atmosfer\u0119 i uderzy\u0142a w powierzchni\u0119 planety w 2020 roku. Mariner 9 udowodni\u0142, \u017ce Mars jest aktywny geologicznie i zrewolucjonizowa\u0142 wiedz\u0119 o tej planecie.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"7\"><b data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Mariner 10<\/b> - ostatnia bezza\u0142ogowa sonda kosmiczna z programu Mariner wystrzelona 3 listopada 1973 roku przez ameryka\u0144sk\u0105 agencj\u0119 kosmiczn\u0105 NASA. Zosta\u0142a ona wys\u0142ana oko\u0142o dwa lata po tym, jak Mariner 9 dotar\u0142 do Marsa. Celem misji Mariner 10 by\u0142o zbadanie powierzchni i w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci fizycznych Merkurego i Wenus, a tak\u017ce zbadanie przestrzeni mi\u0119dzyplanetarnej. Jest to pierwszy pojazd zbudowany przez cz\u0142owieka, kt\u00f3ry dotar\u0142 do Merkurego i pierwsza sonda kosmiczna, kt\u00f3ra odwiedzi\u0142a dwie planety (Wenus i Merkurego) i wykorzysta\u0142a wspomaganie grawitacyjne do zmiany swojej orbity. Sonda wykorzysta\u0142a grawitacj\u0119 Wenus (przelot 5 lutego 1974 r.), aby zmniejszy\u0107 pr\u0119dko\u015b\u0107 i skierowa\u0107 si\u0119 w stron\u0119 Merkurego.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df95c6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"df95c6b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f7fbcd sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"7f7fbcd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ac6ff2 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0ac6ff2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"504\" height=\"344\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-grawitacja.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55251\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-grawitacja.jpg 504w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-grawitacja-300x205.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-grawitacja-370x253.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-grawitacja-410x280.jpg 410w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 504px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-452eedf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"452eedf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-14b0c24 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"14b0c24\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-897a289 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"897a289\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"8\">Mariner 10 by\u0142 wyposa\u017cony w nast\u0119puj\u0105ce instrumenty naukowe:<\/p><ul data-path-to-node=\"9\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,0,0\">2 kamery telewizyjne wyposa\u017cone w teleskopy Cassegraina o \u015brednicy zwierciad\u0142a 150 mm<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,1,0\">radiometr na podczerwie\u0144<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,2,0\">2 spektrometry ultrafioletowe r\u00f3\u017cnych typ\u00f3w<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,3,0\">2 magnetometry<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,4,0\">teleskop do badania na\u0142adowanych cz\u0105stek<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,5,0\">analizator osocza<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2bc61d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"d2bc61d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-605e63a sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"605e63a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ba1fc2 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7ba1fc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-10-merkury-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55246\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-10-merkury-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-10-merkury-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-10-merkury-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-10-merkury-370x208.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-10-merkury-840x473.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-10-merkury-410x231.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-10-merkury-730x411.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-10-merkury-270x152.jpg 270w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-10-merkury.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6dd4f20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"6dd4f20\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e4718e7 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"e4718e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d493ded sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d493ded\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"5\">Masa startowa sondy wynosi\u0142a 502,9 kg (w tym 29 kg paliwa i azotu u\u017cytego do kontroli po\u0142o\u017cenia statku). Ca\u0142kowita masa instrument\u00f3w naukowych wynosi\u0142a 79,4 kg. Kad\u0142ub mia\u0142 kszta\u0142t graniastos\u0142upa o o\u015bmiok\u0105tnych podstawach, jego wysoko\u015b\u0107 wynosi\u0142a 46 cm, a \u015brednica 1,39 m. Sonda by\u0142a wyposa\u017cona w dwa panele baterii s\u0142onecznych umieszczone po przeciwnych stronach kad\u0142uba; rozpi\u0119to\u015b\u0107 Marinera 10 po ich pe\u0142nym roz\u0142o\u017ceniu wynosi\u0142a 8 m. Baterie dostarcza\u0142y maksymalnie 820 W mocy. Ze wzgl\u0119du na konieczno\u015b\u0107 ochrony takich ogniw przed skutkami nadmiernego strumienia promieniowania, w miar\u0119 zbli\u017cania si\u0119 do S\u0142o\u0144ca oba skrzyd\u0142a by\u0142y stopniowo ustawiane coraz bardziej uko\u015bnie wzgl\u0119dem padaj\u0105cego \u015bwiat\u0142a. Dodatkowo ca\u0142y kad\u0142ub chroniony by\u0142 specjaln\u0105 os\u0142on\u0105 termiczn\u0105. Sonda by\u0142a wyposa\u017cona w silnik rakietowy o ci\u0105gu 222 N zasilany hydrazyn\u0105. Dane by\u0142y przesy\u0142ane z maksymaln\u0105 pr\u0119dko\u015bci\u0105 117,6 kb\/s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dc53084 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"dc53084\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9089436 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"9089436\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d93db7b sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d93db7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-venus.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55252\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-venus.jpg 800w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-venus-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-venus-768x577.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-venus-370x278.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-venus-410x308.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-venus-730x548.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bf160e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"bf160e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c80472d sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"c80472d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09179bf sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"09179bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"11\">Mariner 10 zbli\u017cy\u0142 si\u0119 do Merkurego trzykrotnie w latach 1974-1975 (marzec 1974, wrzesie\u0144 1974, marzec 1975), przesy\u0142aj\u0105c ponad 2700 zdj\u0119\u0107. Misja ta dostarczy\u0142a pierwszych zdj\u0119\u0107 Merkurego z bliska, mapuj\u0105c oko\u0142o 45-57% jego powierzchni, kt\u00f3ra jest pokryta kraterami i przypomina Ksi\u0119\u017cyc, istnienie s\u0142abego pola magnetycznego i cienkiej atmosfery (hel), a tak\u017ce wykona\u0142a pionierskie zdj\u0119cia atmosfery Wenus. Zdj\u0119cia w ultrafiolecie ujawni\u0142y struktur\u0119 chmur i superrotacj\u0119 g\u00f3rnych warstw atmosfery.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"12\">Z powodu wyczerpania paliwa (gaz w systemie kontroli po\u0142o\u017cenia) manewry zosta\u0142y przerwane w marcu 1975 roku, a sonda sta\u0142a si\u0119 sztucznym satelit\u0105 S\u0142o\u0144ca. Mariner 10 by\u0142 ostatni\u0105 misj\u0105 z serii Mariner (kolejne projekty zosta\u0142y przekszta\u0142cone w sondy Voyager). Przez ponad 30 lat pozostawa\u0142a jedyn\u0105 sond\u0105 badaj\u0105c\u0105 Merkurego, a\u017c do misji MESSENGER w 2008 roku.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"5\"><b data-path-to-node=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Pioneer 10<\/b> - to ameryka\u0144ska, bezza\u0142ogowa sonda kosmiczna NASA, wystrzelona 3 marca 1972 roku, kt\u00f3ra jako pierwsza przelecia\u0142a przez pas asteroid i zbada\u0142a Jowisza (1973). By\u0142 to pierwszy obiekt stworzony przez cz\u0142owieka, kt\u00f3ry osi\u0105gn\u0105\u0142 pr\u0119dko\u015b\u0107 ucieczki z Uk\u0142adu S\u0142onecznego, badaj\u0105c przestrze\u0144 mi\u0119dzygwiezdn\u0105 a\u017c do ostatniego sygna\u0142u w 2003 roku. Sonda by\u0142a wyposa\u017cona w liczne instrumenty naukowe, w tym magnetometr, detektory promieniowania i sprz\u0119t do badania py\u0142u kosmicznego.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-180e06a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"180e06a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c5c96b3 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"c5c96b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9da843 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f9da843\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"506\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55145\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start.webp 900w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-370x208.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-840x472.webp 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-410x231.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-730x410.webp 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-270x152.webp 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-56f7035 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"56f7035\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc0ce7b sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"cc0ce7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04bb112 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"04bb112\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"6\">Na pok\u0142adzie umieszczono poz\u0142acan\u0105 aluminiow\u0105 p\u0142ytk\u0119 (Pioneer plaque) z rysunkami przedstawiaj\u0105cymi cz\u0142owieka, pozycj\u0119 S\u0142o\u0144ca i sond\u0119 w Drodze Mlecznej, kt\u00f3ra mia\u0142a by\u0107 \"wizyt\u00f3wk\u0105\" dla cywilizacji pozaziemskich.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"7\"><b data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Pioneer 11<\/b> - to ameryka\u0144ska sonda kosmiczna NASA, wystrzelona w kwietniu 1973 roku, kt\u00f3ra jako pierwsza zbada\u0142a Saturna (1979) i wykona\u0142a bliski przelot obok Jowisza (1974). Misja, b\u0119d\u0105ca bli\u017aniacz\u0105 do Pioneer 10, dostarczy\u0142a kluczowych danych na temat zewn\u0119trznego Uk\u0142adu S\u0142onecznego, odkrywaj\u0105c nowe ksi\u0119\u017cyce i pier\u015bcienie Saturna, a obecnie zmierza w przestrze\u0144 mi\u0119dzygwiezdn\u0105. Ostatni sygna\u0142 z sondy zosta\u0142 odebrany w listopadzie 1995 roku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5540ef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"5540ef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ff62a4 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"8ff62a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e49454 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7e49454\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"805\" height=\"402\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/pionier-11.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55139\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/pionier-11.jpg 805w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/pionier-11-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/pionier-11-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/pionier-11-370x185.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/pionier-11-410x205.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/pionier-11-730x365.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 805px) 100vw, 805px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-232b3c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"232b3c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5d02b1c sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"5d02b1c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de86163 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"de86163\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"6\"><b data-path-to-node=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Viking<\/b> - program zrealizowany przez NASA w 1975 roku. Obejmowa\u0142 on dwie bezza\u0142ogowe sondy (<b data-path-to-node=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"78\">Viking 1<\/b> oraz <b data-path-to-node=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"91\">Viking 2<\/b>), z kt\u00f3rych ka\u017cda sk\u0142ada\u0142a si\u0119 z orbitera i l\u0105downika. Celem misji by\u0142o poszukiwanie \u017cycia na Marsie oraz zbadanie jego atmosfery i powierzchni.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce4d2bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"ce4d2bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53cb1e5 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"53cb1e5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e17cf2 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6e17cf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"804\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/orbiter-1024x804.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55233\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/orbiter-1024x804.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/orbiter-300x236.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/orbiter-768x603.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/orbiter-370x291.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/orbiter-840x660.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/orbiter-410x322.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/orbiter-730x573.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/orbiter.jpg 1528w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2265993 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"2265993\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-57ebd13 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"57ebd13\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6786c67 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6786c67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 data-path-to-node=\"4\">G\u0142\u00f3wne zadania orbitera:<\/h5><ul data-path-to-node=\"5\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"5,0,0\">dostarczenie l\u0105downika na Marsa<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"5,1,0\">prowadzenie obserwacji powierzchni planety w celu okre\u015blenia miejsca l\u0105dowania l\u0105downika<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"5,2,0\">dzia\u0142aj\u0105c jako przeka\u017anik komunikacyjny mi\u0119dzy l\u0105downikiem a Ziemi\u0105<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"5,3,0\">prowadzenie w\u0142asnych bada\u0144 naukowych - w tym robienie zdj\u0119\u0107 powierzchni, poszukiwanie wody, mierzenie temperatury i badanie pola grawitacyjnego Marsa<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7d4b2f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"7d4b2f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-216a487 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"216a487\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c53e094 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c53e094\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"417\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55235\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-1.jpg 512w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-1-300x244.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-1-370x301.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-1-410x334.jpg 410w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0152399 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"0152399\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-218a28a sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"218a28a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c5e182 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c5e182\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 data-path-to-node=\"7\">Zadania l\u0105downika:<\/h5><ul data-path-to-node=\"8\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"8,0,0\">przeprowadzenie serii bada\u0144 meteorologicznych i sejsmologicznych, zbadanie sk\u0142adu chemicznego, w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci magnetycznych i cech fizycznych marsja\u0144skiej atmosfery i powierzchni, w tym pr\u00f3bek gleby<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"8,1,0\">przeprowadzenie serii eksperyment\u00f3w w celu sprawdzenia mo\u017cliwo\u015bci fotosyntezy, wyst\u0119powania metabolizmu i wymiany gazowej, jako pr\u00f3ba weryfikacji hipotezy o istnieniu \u017cycia organicznego na Marsie<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"8,2,0\">wykonanie zdj\u0119\u0107 miejsca l\u0105dowania - powierzchni planety, atmosfery, ksi\u0119\u017cyc\u00f3w, S\u0142o\u0144ca, a tak\u017ce samego l\u0105downika i jego wyposa\u017cenia<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p><b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Viking 1<\/b> - bezza\u0142ogowa sonda kosmiczna z programu Viking (orbiter i l\u0105downik), wystrzelona 20 sierpnia 1975 roku przez ameryka\u0144sk\u0105 agencj\u0119 kosmiczn\u0105 NASA. Po wystrzeleniu przy u\u017cyciu <b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"174\">Titan IIIE\/Centaur<\/b> i 10-miesi\u0119czny lot w kierunku <b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"229\">Mars<\/b>w <b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"239\">Orbiter<\/b> rozpocz\u0105\u0142 transmisj\u0119 zdj\u0119\u0107 planety 5 dni przed wej\u015bciem na orbit\u0119 <b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"310\">orbita<\/b>, kt\u00f3r\u0105 osi\u0105gn\u0119\u0142a 19 czerwca 1976 roku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48758a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"48758a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3152cc5 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"3152cc5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a8a632 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5a8a632\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55234\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-370x208.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-1290x725.jpg 1290w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-840x473.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-410x231.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-730x411.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-270x152.jpg 270w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cf1d239 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"cf1d239\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3449051 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"3449051\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5f33e9 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b5f33e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"12\">Lot sondy wymaga\u0142 korekty kursu w pocz\u0105tkowej fazie, poniewa\u017c trajektoria nie prowadzi\u0142a bezpo\u015brednio na orbit\u0119 Marsa, ale mija\u0142a planet\u0119 w odleg\u0142o\u015bci 67 000 km. Celem wybrania takiej trajektorii pocz\u0105tkowej by\u0142o unikni\u0119cie zderzenia drugiego stopnia rakiety z powierzchni\u0105 Marsa, co mog\u0142oby zak\u0142\u00f3ci\u0107 wyniki bada\u0144.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"13\">L\u0105dowanie na Marsie, pierwotnie zaplanowane na 4 lipca, zosta\u0142o op\u00f3\u017anione z powodu wykrytych nieregularno\u015bci terenu do czasu znalezienia bezpieczniejszej lokalizacji. 20 lipca <b data-path-to-node=\"13\" data-index-in-node=\"153\">L\u0105downik Viking 1<\/b> oddzieli\u0142 si\u0119 od orbitera i bezpiecznie wyl\u0105dowa\u0142 na powierzchni o 11:56:06, staj\u0105c si\u0119 pierwszym udanym l\u0105downikiem na Czerwonej Planecie. Transmisja pierwszych zdj\u0119\u0107 powierzchni nast\u0105pi\u0142a 25 sekund po l\u0105dowaniu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d73d3ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"d73d3ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-566cede sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"566cede\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c099b07 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c099b07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"279\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viking1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55238\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viking1.jpg 512w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viking1-300x163.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viking1-370x202.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viking1-410x223.jpg 410w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c742f54 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"c742f54\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a7722cb sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"a7722cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-382f082 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"382f082\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"6\"><b data-path-to-node=\"16\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Viking 2<\/b> - ameryka\u0144ska sonda kosmiczna NASA (orbiter i l\u0105downik), kt\u00f3ra w 1976 roku zako\u0144czy\u0142a drugie udane l\u0105dowanie na Marsie w historii, po Vikingu 1. Sonda Viking 2 zosta\u0142a wystrzelona z Przyl\u0105dka Canaveral przez rakiet\u0119 Titan 3E z g\u00f3rnym stopniem Centaur 9 wrze\u015bnia 1975 roku. Na orbit\u0119 Marsa dotar\u0142a 7 sierpnia 1976 roku. 3 wrze\u015bnia l\u0105downik oddzieli\u0142 si\u0119 i wyl\u0105dowa\u0142 na powierzchni planety na r\u00f3wninie Utopia Planitia tego samego dnia o godzinie 22:37:50 UTC.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-21aae00 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"21aae00\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bf4a653 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"bf4a653\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a60ad8 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5a60ad8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-2.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55236\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-2.webp 800w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-2-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-2-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-2-370x208.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-2-410x231.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-2-730x411.webp 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-2-270x152.webp 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53fef81 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"53fef81\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2055c sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"2f2055c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9bb9bb sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f9bb9bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"6\">Viking 2 wyl\u0105dowa\u0142 oko\u0142o 6400 km (4000 mil) od miejsca l\u0105dowania Vikinga 1, dostarczaj\u0105c unikalnych danych z innej szeroko\u015bci geograficznej. Bada\u0142 atmosfer\u0119 i powierzchni\u0119, przesy\u0142aj\u0105c tysi\u0105ce zdj\u0119\u0107. L\u0105downik przes\u0142a\u0142 \u0142\u0105cznie 3542 zdj\u0119cia.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0501186 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"0501186\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71f67bc sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"71f67bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85557a4 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"85557a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"625\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-3-1024x625.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55237\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-3-1024x625.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-3-300x183.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-3-768x468.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-3-370x226.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-3-840x512.webp 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-3-410x250.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-3-730x445.webp 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-3.webp 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cea33a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"cea33a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-57de0a8 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"57de0a8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d65190d sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d65190d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 data-path-to-node=\"19\">Najwa\u017cniejsze informacje o misji Viking:<\/h5><ul data-path-to-node=\"20\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"20,0,0\">Wykona\u0142 ponad 50 000 zdj\u0119\u0107 Marsa, przeanalizowa\u0142 gleb\u0119 i zbada\u0142 atmosfer\u0119.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"20,1,0\">L\u0105downiki nie znalaz\u0142y rozstrzygaj\u0105cych dowod\u00f3w na istnienie \u017cycia, ale dostarczy\u0142y unikalnych danych na temat marsja\u0144skiego \u015brodowiska.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"20,2,0\">Oba orbitery Viking wykona\u0142y \u0142\u0105cznie ponad 52 000 zdj\u0119\u0107, mapuj\u0105c 97% powierzchni Marsa. Orbitery dzia\u0142a\u0142y do 1980 roku, a l\u0105downiki do lat 1980-1982.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"20,3,0\">Eksperymenty biologiczne da\u0142y niejednoznaczne wyniki, nie potwierdzaj\u0105c ostatecznie istnienia \u017cycia, ale wskazuj\u0105c na chemicznie aktywn\u0105 gleb\u0119.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1a15776 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"1a15776\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ebc532b sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"ebc532b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e34c97 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0e34c97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"872\" height=\"591\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55239\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking2.jpg 872w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking2-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking2-768x521.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking2-370x251.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking2-840x569.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking2-410x278.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking2-730x495.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 872px) 100vw, 872px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6008e13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"6008e13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f196e3 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"7f196e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7699b7 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7699b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sondy Viking zrewolucjonizowa\u0142y wiedz\u0119 o Marsie, toruj\u0105c drog\u0119 dla przysz\u0142ych misji robotycznych. Pomiary <b data-path-to-node=\"22\" data-index-in-node=\"115\">dylatacja czasu<\/b> zosta\u0142y pomy\u015blnie uko\u0144czone, udowadniaj\u0105c, \u017ce s\u0105 zgodne z przewidywaniami Einsteina <b data-path-to-node=\"22\" data-index-in-node=\"218\">Og\u00f3lna Teoria Wzgl\u0119dno\u015bci<\/b>.<\/p><p><b data-path-to-node=\"8,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Voyager 1<\/b> - to bezza\u0142ogowa sonda kosmiczna NASA, wystrzelona 5 wrze\u015bnia 1977 roku w celu zbadania zewn\u0119trznych planet Uk\u0142adu S\u0142onecznego. Jako najdalszy obiekt stworzony przez cz\u0142owieka od Ziemi (ponad 164 au w 2024 r.), w 2012 r. sta\u0142a si\u0119 pierwsz\u0105 maszyn\u0105, kt\u00f3ra wesz\u0142a w przestrze\u0144 mi\u0119dzygwiezdn\u0105, kontynuuj\u0105c badanie kraw\u0119dzi heliosfery. Pocz\u0105tkowo sonda mia\u0142a na celu zbadanie Jowisza i Saturna oraz ich ksi\u0119\u017cyc\u00f3w. Po osi\u0105gni\u0119ciu tego celu w latach 1979-1980, Voyager 1 skierowa\u0142 si\u0119 w stron\u0119 zewn\u0119trznych granic Uk\u0142adu S\u0142onecznego. Sonda nadal dzia\u0142a i przesy\u0142a dane naukowe, staj\u0105c si\u0119 najd\u0142u\u017cej trwaj\u0105c\u0105 misj\u0105 kosmiczn\u0105. Jest zasilana przez radioizotopowe generatory termoelektryczne (RTG). W 2024 roku sonda znajdowa\u0142a si\u0119 ponad 24 miliardy kilometr\u00f3w od Ziemi. Sygna\u0142 radiowy potrzebuje ponad 22 godzin, aby dotrze\u0107 z sondy na Ziemi\u0119.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4805736 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"4805736\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-668af08 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"668af08\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0956473 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0956473\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/voyager-1-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55147\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/voyager-1-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/voyager-1-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/voyager-1-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/voyager-1-370x247.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/voyager-1-840x560.webp 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/voyager-1-410x273.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/voyager-1-730x487.webp 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/voyager-1.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-601abbb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"601abbb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-85ca502 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"85ca502\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc7ff27 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dc7ff27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b data-path-to-node=\"8,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Voyager 2<\/b> - to bezza\u0142ogowa sonda kosmiczna NASA, kt\u00f3ra rozpocz\u0119\u0142a swoj\u0105 podr\u00f3\u017c 20 sierpnia 1977 roku z Przyl\u0105dka Canaveral. Dzi\u0119ki rzadkiemu u\u0142o\u017ceniu planet odwiedzi\u0142a Jowisza (1979), Saturna (1981) i jako jedyna dotar\u0142a do Urana (1986) i Neptuna (1989), odkrywaj\u0105c nowe ksi\u0119\u017cyce, pier\u015bcienie i aktywno\u015b\u0107 wulkaniczn\u0105. W listopadzie 2018 roku Voyager 2 przekroczy\u0142 heliopauz\u0119, opuszczaj\u0105c heliosfer\u0119 i wchodz\u0105c w przestrze\u0144 mi\u0119dzygwiezdn\u0105. Sonda znajduje si\u0119 w odleg\u0142o\u015bci ponad 20 miliard\u00f3w kilometr\u00f3w od Ziemi. Dzia\u0142a nieprzerwanie od 48 lat, przesy\u0142aj\u0105c dane pomimo kurcz\u0105cego si\u0119 zasilania.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-09104e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"09104e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-20f657b sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"20f657b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac8a0d5 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ac8a0d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"566\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Vojger-2-1024x566.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55146\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Vojger-2-1024x566.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Vojger-2-300x166.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Vojger-2-768x424.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Vojger-2-1536x849.webp 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Vojger-2-370x204.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Vojger-2-840x464.webp 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Vojger-2-410x227.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Vojger-2-730x403.webp 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Vojger-2.webp 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c55a1f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"c55a1f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-22b1cf5 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"22b1cf5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef8054e sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ef8054e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"9\">Voyager 2 jest, obok swojej bli\u017aniaczej sondy Voyager 1, najd\u0142u\u017cej trwaj\u0105c\u0105 misj\u0105 kosmiczn\u0105 w historii. Sondy Voyager i Pioneer nios\u0105 ze sob\u0105 materia\u0142y (np. Voyager Golden Record) maj\u0105ce na celu zaprezentowanie \u017cycia na Ziemi potencjalnym obcym cywilizacjom. Sondy te wykorzysta\u0142y wspomaganie grawitacyjne planet, aby osi\u0105gn\u0105\u0107 pr\u0119dko\u015b\u0107 niezb\u0119dn\u0105 do opuszczenia Uk\u0142adu S\u0142onecznego.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"10,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Magellan<\/b> - Bezza\u0142ogowa sonda kosmiczna NASA, stworzona w celu badania planety Wenus. Pocz\u0105tkowo sonda mia\u0142a nosi\u0107 nazw\u0119 Venus Radar Mapper. P\u00f3\u017aniej zosta\u0142a nazwana na cze\u015b\u0107 portugalskiego odkrywcy Ferdynanda Magellana, kt\u00f3ry w XVI wieku jako pierwszy przep\u0142yn\u0105\u0142 przez Cie\u015bnin\u0119 Magellana na Ocean Spokojny.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0d77f29 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"0d77f29\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7744605 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"7744605\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb07b10 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"eb07b10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/413903main_r_magellan_full-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55227\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/413903main_r_magellan_full-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/413903main_r_magellan_full-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/413903main_r_magellan_full-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/413903main_r_magellan_full-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/413903main_r_magellan_full-370x278.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/413903main_r_magellan_full-840x630.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/413903main_r_magellan_full-410x308.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/413903main_r_magellan_full-730x548.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/413903main_r_magellan_full.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72fc49c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"72fc49c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e7fa585 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"e7fa585\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43cfd1a sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"43cfd1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"9\">Magellan zosta\u0142 wystrzelony na nisk\u0105 orbit\u0119 oko\u0142oziemsk\u0105 4 maja 1989 roku na pok\u0142adzie promu kosmicznego Atlantis podczas misji STS-30. 5 maja, po pi\u0119ciu orbitach wok\u00f3\u0142ziemskich, na wysoko\u015bci 296 km, sonda opu\u015bci\u0142a \u0142adowni\u0119 promu. Zosta\u0142a skierowana na trajektori\u0119 mi\u0119dzyplanetarn\u0105 przez dodatkowy stopie\u0144 nap\u0119dowy na paliwo sta\u0142e (<i data-path-to-node=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"317\">G\u00f3rny stopie\u0144 bezw\u0142adno\u015bciowy<\/i>). 10 sierpnia 1990 roku, po 15 miesi\u0105cach podr\u00f3\u017cy, sonda wesz\u0142a na eliptyczn\u0105, prawie polarn\u0105 orbit\u0119 wok\u00f3\u0142 Wenus, z perycentrum 294 km.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3885d06 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"3885d06\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73136f3 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"73136f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65009c2 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"65009c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-3-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55229\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-3-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-3-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-3-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-3-370x247.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-3-840x560.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-3-410x273.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-3-730x487.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-3.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7228ec3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"7228ec3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72db72f sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"72db72f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-104c699 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"104c699\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"3\">G\u0142\u00f3wnym celem misji by\u0142o dok\u0142adne zbadanie planety za pomoc\u0105 radaru z syntetyczn\u0105 apertur\u0105, co pozwoli\u0142o na stworzenie map powierzchni Wenus, kt\u00f3ra jest niewidoczna w \u015bwietle widzialnym z powodu bardzo grubej warstwy chmur. Sonda wykona\u0142a r\u00f3wnie\u017c mapy pola grawitacyjnego Wenus oraz pomiary wysoko\u015bci obiekt\u00f3w za pomoc\u0105 wysoko\u015bciomierza radarowego.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"4\">11 pa\u017adziernika 1994 r. sonda zosta\u0142a skierowana w atmosfer\u0119 planety, gdzie cz\u0119\u015bciowo sp\u0142on\u0119\u0142a 13 lub 14 pa\u017adziernika. Przypuszcza si\u0119, \u017ce niekt\u00f3re jej fragmenty mog\u0142y spa\u015b\u0107 na powierzchni\u0119. Ostatni sygna\u0142 z sondy zosta\u0142 odebrany 12 pa\u017adziernika o 10:02 UTC.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-34fa647 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"34fa647\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3a73051 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"3a73051\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3933047 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3933047\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-2-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55228\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-2-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-2-370x208.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-2-840x473.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-2-410x231.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-2-730x411.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-2-270x152.jpg 270w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-2.avif 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-84f8dcf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"84f8dcf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a75a984 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"a75a984\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c516023 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c516023\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"9\">Ca\u0142y projekt pojazdu zosta\u0142 oparty na konstrukcji satelity Lacrosse. Pojazd zosta\u0142 zbudowany cz\u0119\u015bciowo przy u\u017cyciu zapasowych komponent\u00f3w pozosta\u0142ych z poprzednich misji NASA. Kad\u0142ub Magellana mia\u0142 4,6 m d\u0142ugo\u015bci i ko\u0144czy\u0142 si\u0119 anten\u0105 paraboliczn\u0105 o wysokim zysku i \u015brednicy 3,7 metra. S\u0142u\u017cy\u0142a ona do komunikacji z Ziemi\u0105 oraz jako antena radarowa. G\u0142\u00f3wna antena pojazdu, a tak\u017ce rama i silniki manewrowe zosta\u0142y zbudowane jako cz\u0119\u015bci zamienne dla misji Voyager. Antena \u015bredniej mocy pochodzi\u0142a z projektu Mariner 9. Ca\u0142kowita wysoko\u015b\u0107 statku wynosi\u0142a 6,4 m. Sonda by\u0142a wyposa\u017cona w dwa kwadratowe panele baterii s\u0142onecznych, kt\u00f3rych rozpi\u0119to\u015b\u0107 wynosi\u0142a 9,2 m. Dostarcza\u0142y one 1200 W mocy na pocz\u0105tku i 1029 W na ko\u0144cu misji. Energia by\u0142a magazynowana przez akumulatory niklowo-kadmowe o pojemno\u015bci 30 Ah ka\u017cdy. Wraz ze stopniem nap\u0119dowym i paliwem, Magellan wa\u017cy\u0142 3460 kilogram\u00f3w w momencie startu. Sama sonda bez paliwa wa\u017cy\u0142a 1035 kg. Magellan by\u0142 stabilizowany w trzech osiach za pomoc\u0105 trzech k\u00f3\u0142 reakcyjnych.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"9\"><b style=\"letter-spacing: 0.1px;\" data-path-to-node=\"10,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Galileo<\/b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.1px;\"> - to ameryka\u0144ska bezza\u0142ogowa sonda kosmiczna NASA, wystrzelona przez prom kosmiczny Atlantis w 1989 roku w celu zbadania Jowisza, jego ksi\u0119\u017cyc\u00f3w i atmosfery. Podczas podr\u00f3\u017cy wykona\u0142a przeloty nad Wenus, Ziemi\u0105 i Ksi\u0119\u017cycem, a tak\u017ce jako pierwsza zbada\u0142a asteroidy (Gaspra i Ida). By\u0142 to pierwszy sztuczny satelita Jowisza (od 1995 roku) i pierwszy w historii, kt\u00f3ry wys\u0142a\u0142 sond\u0119 g\u0142\u0119boko w jego atmosfer\u0119, a tak\u017ce dok\u0142adnie zbada\u0142 asteroidy. Misja zako\u0144czy\u0142a si\u0119 w 2003 roku celowym spaleniem sondy w atmosferze planety.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-209dff9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"209dff9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd137c7 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"cd137c7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-917a4a4 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"917a4a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/galileo-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55134\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/galileo-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/galileo-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/galileo-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/galileo-370x247.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/galileo-840x560.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/galileo-410x273.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/galileo-730x487.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/galileo.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b43f77 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"2b43f77\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-13fec69 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"13fec69\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c32230 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c32230\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b data-path-to-node=\"10,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Cassini-Huygens<\/b> - to wsp\u00f3lna bezza\u0142ogowa misja kosmiczna NASA, ESA i ASI, trwaj\u0105ca w latach 1997-2017, kt\u00f3rej celem by\u0142o zbadanie Saturna, jego pier\u015bcieni i ksi\u0119\u017cyc\u00f3w. Sonda sk\u0142ada\u0142a si\u0119 z orbitera Cassini (badaj\u0105cego system z orbity) oraz l\u0105downika Huygens, kt\u00f3ry w 2005 roku wyl\u0105dowa\u0142 na Tytanie. Misja ta zrewolucjonizowa\u0142a wiedz\u0119 o gazowym gigancie, odkrywaj\u0105c mi\u0119dzy innymi gejzery na Enceladusie. Misja ta bada\u0142a Saturna, jego pier\u015bcienie i ksi\u0119\u017cyce, a sonda Huygens wyl\u0105dowa\u0142a na najwi\u0119kszym ksi\u0119\u017cycu Saturna - Tytanie. Za symboliczny pocz\u0105tek misji mo\u017cna uzna\u0107 dat\u0119 15 pa\u017adziernika 1997 roku, kiedy to wystartowa\u0142a rakieta Titan 4B - Centaur, nios\u0105ca bezcenny \u0142adunek. Start mia\u0142 miejsce o godzinie 08:43 czasu uniwersalnego z Cape Canaveral Air Force Station na Florydzie w USA. Ca\u0142y \u0142adunek, sk\u0142adaj\u0105cy si\u0119 z sondy Cassini i l\u0105downika Huygens, wa\u017cy\u0142 5,6 tony, co czyni\u0142o go zbyt ci\u0119\u017ckim, aby m\u00f3g\u0142 polecie\u0107 bezpo\u015brednio na Saturna. Z tego powodu sonda musia\u0142a skorzysta\u0107 z asysty grawitacyjnej. Jest to manewr wykorzystuj\u0105cy grawitacj\u0119 obiektu, g\u0142\u00f3wnie planety, do zmiany trajektorii lotu i zwi\u0119kszenia pr\u0119dko\u015bci. Sonda najpierw polecia\u0142a w kierunku Wenus, nast\u0119pnie okr\u0105\u017cy\u0142a S\u0142o\u0144ce, ponownie zbli\u017cy\u0142a si\u0119 do Wenus, wr\u00f3ci\u0142a w pobli\u017ce swojej planety macierzystej, przelecia\u0142a obok Jowisza i ostatecznie dotar\u0142a do celu, kt\u00f3rym by\u0142 Saturn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bcc9c23 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"bcc9c23\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66010a6 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"66010a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b15597e sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b15597e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55135\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie-370x208.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie-840x473.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie-410x231.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie-730x411.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie-270x152.jpg 270w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-841ba76 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"841ba76\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73621fb sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"73621fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-279e296 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"279e296\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Po dotarciu na orbit\u0119 Saturna w 2004 roku, sonda rozpocz\u0119\u0142a badania jego pier\u015bcieni i samej planety. Przede wszystkim uda\u0142o si\u0119 znacznie dok\u0142adniej okre\u015bli\u0107 grubo\u015b\u0107 pier\u015bcieni. 25 grudnia 2004 roku l\u0105downik Huygens od\u0142\u0105czy\u0142 si\u0119 od sondy i polecia\u0142 w kierunku jedynego ksi\u0119\u017cyca w Uk\u0142adzie S\u0142onecznym, kt\u00f3ry posiada atmosfer\u0119 - Tytana. Dotar\u0142 do niego po 22 dniach lotu i operowa\u0142 na jego powierzchni przez 4 godziny. Trwa\u0142o to tak kr\u00f3tko ze wzgl\u0119du na niskie temperatury panuj\u0105ce na ksi\u0119\u017cycu, si\u0119gaj\u0105ce nawet -180 stopni Celsjusza. W tym niezbyt d\u0142ugim czasie l\u0105downik dostarczy\u0142 naukowcom bezcennych informacji na temat powierzchni i atmosfery Ksi\u0119\u017cyca. Najs\u0142ynniejszym elementem ca\u0142ej misji by\u0142o odkrycie m\u00f3rz i jezior ciek\u0142ego metanu i etanu.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd861e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"cd861e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b86e81 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"2b86e81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddcc82f sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ddcc82f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie2.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55136\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie2.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie2-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie2-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie2-370x208.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie2-840x473.webp 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie2-410x231.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie2-730x411.webp 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie2-270x152.webp 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e53486 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"6e53486\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-376d800 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"376d800\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2ddf23 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2ddf23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b data-path-to-node=\"12,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Nowe Horyzonty<\/b> - to bezza\u0142ogowa sonda kosmiczna NASA, wystrzelona w 2006 roku przy u\u017cyciu rakiety Atlas V 551 (AV-010). Jej g\u0142\u00f3wnym celem by\u0142o zbadanie Plutona, jego ksi\u0119\u017cyc\u00f3w i obiekt\u00f3w w Pasie Kuipera. Pierwsza misja przelotu obok Plutona zosta\u0142a zrealizowana 14 lipca 2015 roku; sonda zbli\u017cy\u0142a si\u0119 do Plutona na odleg\u0142o\u015b\u0107 oko\u0142o 12 500 km, a tak\u017ce do jego ksi\u0119\u017cyc\u00f3w (Nix, Hydra, Kerberos i Styx), odkrywaj\u0105c m.in. zr\u00f3\u017cnicowany krajobraz i aktywne procesy geologiczne oraz dostarczaj\u0105c szczeg\u00f3\u0142owych zdj\u0119\u0107 tej planety kar\u0142owatej. Wa\u017c\u0105cy 478 kg statek kosmiczny mia\u0142 przede wszystkim zbada\u0107 obiekty z Pasa Kuipera podczas przelotu i wykona\u0107 najdok\u0142adniejsze jak dot\u0105d zdj\u0119cia Plutona. Jest zasilany przez radioizotopowy generator termoelektryczny na plutonie (RTG), kt\u00f3ry pozwala mu dzia\u0142a\u0107 przez dziesi\u0119ciolecia. Znajduje si\u0119 ponad 8 miliard\u00f3w kilometr\u00f3w od Ziemi (stan na koniec 2023 roku), podr\u00f3\u017cuj\u0105c poza Uk\u0142adem S\u0142onecznym.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3a1c932 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"3a1c932\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e6abf11 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"e6abf11\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-947975c sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"947975c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"470\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/plutona-2.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55141\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/plutona-2.png 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/plutona-2-300x138.png 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/plutona-2-768x353.png 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/plutona-2-370x170.png 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/plutona-2-840x386.png 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/plutona-2-410x188.png 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/plutona-2-730x335.png 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-03d0572 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"03d0572\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0623c96 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"0623c96\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdbe4a6 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdbe4a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b data-path-to-node=\"12,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Rosetta<\/b> - wystrzelona w 2004 roku, by\u0142a pioniersk\u0105 misj\u0105 Europejskiej Agencji Kosmicznej (ESA), kt\u00f3ra jako pierwsza w historii zbada\u0142a z bliska komet\u0119 (67P\/Churyumov-Gerasimenko). 12 listopada 2014 roku sonda wesz\u0142a na swoj\u0105 orbit\u0119 i wypu\u015bci\u0142a l\u0105downik Philae, kt\u00f3ry osiad\u0142 na powierzchni komety, prowadz\u0105c badania \"in-situ\". Podczas trwaj\u0105cej ju\u017c ponad 10 lat podr\u00f3\u017cy dostarczy\u0142y one kluczowych danych na temat ewolucji Uk\u0142adu S\u0142onecznego. Rosetta by\u0142a pierwsz\u0105 sond\u0105 wykorzystuj\u0105c\u0105 panele s\u0142oneczne do zasilania tak daleko od S\u0142o\u0144ca (poza g\u0142\u00f3wnym pasem asteroid).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eca29d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"eca29d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-021140a sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"021140a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1abb06 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e1abb06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rosetta-2-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55142\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rosetta-2-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rosetta-2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rosetta-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rosetta-2-370x208.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rosetta-2-840x473.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rosetta-2-410x231.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rosetta-2-730x411.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rosetta-2-270x152.jpg 270w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rosetta-2.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55f0a94 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"55f0a94\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0d1293 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"a0d1293\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee23513 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee23513\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Pos\u0142aniec<\/b> - sonda kosmiczna NASA, kt\u00f3rej misj\u0105 by\u0142o zbadanie planety Merkury. By\u0142a to pierwsza misja po\u015bwi\u0119cona tej planecie od czasu Marinera 10, czyli od 33 lat. Sonda zosta\u0142a wystrzelona 3 sierpnia 2004 roku.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6c3e309 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"6c3e309\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bdc7204 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"bdc7204\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89f0ac9 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"89f0ac9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"275\" height=\"183\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/messenger-3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55255\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7bd0f3b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"7bd0f3b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-338cddf sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"338cddf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fae8408 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fae8408\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Sonda zosta\u0142a zaprojektowana do badania charakterystyki i \u015brodowiska Merkurego z orbity oko\u0142oziemskiej. Jej zadaniem by\u0142o poznanie w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bci chemicznych powierzchni planety, jej historii geologicznej, natury pola magnetycznego, rozmiaru i stanu j\u0105dra oraz natury egzosfery i magnetosfery planety.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-086ece9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"086ece9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-06aee05 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"06aee05\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c445752 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c445752\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"799\" height=\"599\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mesenger1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55253\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mesenger1.jpg 799w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mesenger1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mesenger1-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mesenger1-370x277.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mesenger1-410x307.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mesenger1-730x547.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 799px) 100vw, 799px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-de5a923 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"de5a923\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3339dfd sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"3339dfd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27c7311 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"27c7311\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"3\">Messenger odbiera\u0142 polecenia z Ziemi i przesy\u0142a\u0142 dane za po\u015brednictwem anten fazowych w pa\u015bmie X (polaryzacja ko\u0142owa).<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"4\">Sonda wymaga\u0142a specjalnej ochrony przed promieniowaniem s\u0142onecznym, kt\u00f3re w okolicach Merkurego jest szczeg\u00f3lnie intensywne - nat\u0119\u017cenie promieniowania s\u0142onecznego jest tam 11 razy wi\u0119ksze ni\u017c na Ziemi, a temperatura powierzchni Merkurego si\u0119ga 450 \u00b0C. Wszystkie systemy by\u0142y utrzymywane w temperaturze pokojowej dzi\u0119ki pokryciu ca\u0142ej jednej strony statku kosmicznego odporn\u0105 na wysok\u0105 temperatur\u0119 os\u0142on\u0105 ceramiczn\u0105. Wymaga\u0142o to, aby sonda by\u0142a zawsze zwr\u00f3cona os\u0142oni\u0119t\u0105 stron\u0105 w kierunku S\u0142o\u0144ca.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b1b6647 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"b1b6647\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3b9f18c sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"3b9f18c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75ede8e sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"75ede8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1020\" height=\"680\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Messenger-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55254\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Messenger-2.jpg 1020w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Messenger-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Messenger-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Messenger-2-370x247.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Messenger-2-840x560.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Messenger-2-410x273.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Messenger-2-730x487.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55871ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"55871ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-02e4464 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"02e4464\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5894db sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5894db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Misja orbitalna sondy zosta\u0142a zaplanowana na jeden rok ziemski (4 lata merkuria\u0144skie), ale by\u0142a dwukrotnie przed\u0142u\u017cana. Ostatecznie zako\u0144czy\u0142a si\u0119 ona 30 kwietnia 2015 roku, wraz z rozbiciem si\u0119 statku kosmicznego o powierzchni\u0119 planety.<\/p><p><b data-path-to-node=\"1,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Parker Solar Probe<\/b> - to bezza\u0142ogowa sonda kosmiczna NASA wystrzelona w 2018 roku, kt\u00f3rej celem jest zbadanie zewn\u0119trznej korony S\u0142o\u0144ca z rekordowo bliskiej odleg\u0142o\u015bci. Jest to pierwszy obiekt w historii, kt\u00f3ry bezpo\u015brednio \"dotkn\u0105\u0142\" S\u0142o\u0144ca, przelatuj\u0105c przez jego atmosfer\u0119 w celu zbadania proces\u00f3w ogrzewania i wiatru s\u0142onecznego. Jest to najszybszy obiekt stworzony przez cz\u0142owieka. W grudniu 2024 r. zbli\u017cy\u0142a si\u0119 na rekordowo nisk\u0105 odleg\u0142o\u015b\u0107 (ok. 6 mln km od powierzchni), osi\u0105gaj\u0105c pr\u0119dko\u015b\u0107 ponad 690 000 km\/h (ok. 192 km\/s) i wykona\u0142a zdj\u0119cia atmosfery S\u0142o\u0144ca z najbli\u017cszej odleg\u0142o\u015bci, jak\u0105 kiedykolwiek widzieli\u015bmy. Sonda jest wyposa\u017cona w zaawansowan\u0105 os\u0142on\u0119 termiczn\u0105 wykonan\u0105 z kompozyt\u00f3w w\u0119glowych, kt\u00f3ra chroni instrumenty przed temperaturami przekraczaj\u0105cymi 1300 stopni C. Misja ta jest cz\u0119\u015bci\u0105 programu NASA \"Living with a Star\", maj\u0105cego na celu zrozumienie aspekt\u00f3w systemu S\u0142o\u0144ce-Ziemia, kt\u00f3re wp\u0142ywaj\u0105 na \u017cycie i technologi\u0119 na Ziemi, w tym komunikacj\u0119 satelitarn\u0105.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1bfbd5c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"1bfbd5c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c7536b1 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"c7536b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a6688e sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1a6688e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"535\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Parker-2-1024x535.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55137\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Parker-2-1024x535.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Parker-2-300x157.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Parker-2-768x401.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Parker-2-1536x802.webp 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Parker-2-370x193.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Parker-2-840x439.webp 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Parker-2-410x214.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Parker-2-730x381.webp 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Parker-2.webp 2010w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fd836ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"fd836ad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4c85545 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"4c85545\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c116b6e sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-trx_sc_button\" data-id=\"c116b6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"trx_sc_button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div\tclass=\"sc_item_button sc_button_wrap\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/pl\/artificial-satellites\/\" class=\"sc_button sc_button_default sc_button_size_normal sc_button_with_icon sc_button_icon_left\" ><span class=\"sc_button_icon\"><span class=\"icon-reply\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"sc_button_text\"><span class=\"sc_button_title\">Sztuczne satelity<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Space probe \u2013 an unmanned, almost always automated spacecraft designed to conduct scientific research in outer space. Space probes are launched by carrier rockets or on board space shuttles. Thanks&hellip;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-55131","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Space Probes - SpaceLovers<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover how space probes revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos, exploring planets, deep space, and the origins of the universe through groundbreaking missions.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/pl\/space-probes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pl_PL\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Space Probes - 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