{"id":55131,"date":"2026-02-04T08:55:39","date_gmt":"2026-02-04T07:55:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/?page_id=55131"},"modified":"2026-02-16T16:40:28","modified_gmt":"2026-02-16T15:40:28","slug":"space-probes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/zh\/space-probes\/","title":{"rendered":"\u592a\u7a7a\u63a2\u6d4b\u5668"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"55131\" class=\"elementor elementor-55131\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-009742b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"009742b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2351b9a sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"2351b9a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f17041 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f17041\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"2\"><b class=\"\" data-path-to-node=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Space probe \u2013 an unmanned, almost always automated spacecraft designed to conduct scientific research in outer space.<\/b><span class=\"\"> Space probes are launched by carrier rockets or on board space shuttles.<\/span><span class=\"\"> Thanks to probes,<\/span><span class=\"\"> breakthrough data about the solar system has been provided.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-be57438 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"be57438\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7eb09bc sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"7eb09bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e18cff sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1e18cff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/sonda-1-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55143\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/sonda-1-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/sonda-1-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/sonda-1-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/sonda-1-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/sonda-1-370x247.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/sonda-1-840x560.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/sonda-1-410x273.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/sonda-1-730x487.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/sonda-1.jpg 1620w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-231183a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"231183a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d21a6f9 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"d21a6f9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f959c72 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f959c72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"3\">As of now, <b data-path-to-node=\"3\" data-index-in-node=\"11\">five<\/b> space probes have left (or are currently leaving) the Solar System: Voyager 1 and 2, Pioneer 10 and 11, and the slightly younger New Horizons. It is known how far away they are and where they can theoretically be seen in the sky. Contact is still maintained with three of them.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"4\"><b data-path-to-node=\"4\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Most important space probes:<\/b><\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"5\">Venera 7 &#8211; is a Soviet unmanned space probe that made history as the <b data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"69\">first device in history to land on another planet (Venus) and transmit data from there to Earth.<\/b> This mission was part of the Venera program, aimed at studying the atmosphere and surface of Venus.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2cc7ed7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"2cc7ed7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-f5aa015 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"f5aa015\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd9cc3e sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bd9cc3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"722\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-2-1024x722.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55257\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-2-1024x722.png 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-2-300x212.png 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-2-768x542.png 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-2-1536x1083.png 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-2-370x261.png 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-2-840x592.png 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-2-410x289.png 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-2-730x515.png 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-2.png 1622w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-023d3fe elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"023d3fe\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-36eeba6 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"36eeba6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b249a2f sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b249a2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"2\">Here are the key details regarding the Venera 7 mission:<\/p><ul data-path-to-node=\"3\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"3,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Launch:<\/b> The probe was launched on August 17, 1970.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"3,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Landing:<\/b> On December 15, 1970, the lander settled on the surface of Venus.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"3,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Landing process:<\/b> During the descent through the thick atmosphere, the probe&#8217;s parachute partially failed, resulting in a faster descent and a hard landing (speed of approx. 16.5 m\/s). The probe tipped over onto its side, which limited the operation of the antennas but did not destroy the device.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"3,3,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,3,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Data from the surface:<\/b> Despite the difficult conditions, Venera 7 transmitted a signal for about 53 minutes, of which about 20-23 minutes were directly from the planet&#8217;s surface.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9233663 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"9233663\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0484cb0 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"0484cb0\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7ace58 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b7ace58\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"506\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55145\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start.webp 900w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-370x208.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-840x472.webp 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-410x231.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-730x410.webp 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-270x152.webp 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53f4d89 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"53f4d89\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e533a94 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"e533a94\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82af722 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82af722\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li><p data-path-to-node=\"3,4,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,4,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Discoveries:<\/b><\/p><ul data-path-to-node=\"3,4,1\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"3,4,1,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,4,1,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Temperature:<\/b> It was confirmed that extreme temperature prevails on the surface, estimated at about <b data-path-to-node=\"3,4,1,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"99\">475\u00b0C (\u00b1 20\u00b0C).<\/b><\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"3,4,1,1,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,4,1,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Pressure:<\/b> Pressure measurements showed that it is about 90-92 times higher than on Earth (pressure of approx. <b data-path-to-node=\"3,4,1,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"110\">90 atm<\/b>).<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"3,4,1,2,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,4,1,2,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Atmosphere:<\/b> The composition of the atmosphere was confirmed, consisting of 97% carbon dioxide.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"3,5,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3,5,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Construction:<\/b> The lander was specially reinforced to survive the crushing pressure and high temperature, which was key to success after failed earlier landing attempts (e.g., Venera 3).<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffa335c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"ffa335c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-67737fb sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"67737fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-039e4b4 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"039e4b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-1.jpeg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55256\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-1.jpeg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-1-300x169.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-1-768x432.jpeg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-1-370x208.jpeg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-1-840x473.jpeg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-1-410x231.jpeg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-1-730x411.jpeg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/venera7-1-270x152.jpeg 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f0c451f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"f0c451f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-48e487c sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"48e487c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66cce81 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66cce81\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"5\">Venera 7 proved that landing on Venus is possible, paving the way for subsequent, more advanced probes from the Venera series.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"5\"><b data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Mariner Program<\/b> \u2013 a program of American space probe missions designed to conduct research on Mercury, Venus, and Mars. The Mariner program was initiated by NASA in 1960 and was implemented by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-576543c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"576543c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b83bae1 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"b83bae1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f54c50d sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f54c50d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"539\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-lot.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55247\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-lot.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-lot-300x158.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-lot-768x404.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-lot-370x195.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-lot-840x442.webp 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-lot-410x216.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-lot-730x384.webp 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-01036f2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"01036f2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1dfb729 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"1dfb729\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9adf5af sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9adf5af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"5\">In the years 1962 \u2013 1973, a total of 10 Mariner probes were sent, 3 of which were destroyed or failed during launch. Mariner probes made the first successful flybys of the planets closest to Earth and took the first close-up photographs of the surfaces of Mars and Mercury. Mariner 9 became the first artificial satellite of another planet. Mariner 10 performed the first gravity assist maneuver.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"5\"><b data-path-to-node=\"3\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Mariner 9<\/b> \u2013 a NASA space probe launched by an Atlas Centaur rocket on May 30, 1971. Its goal was to reach the orbit of Mars and thus become the first artificial satellite of another planet, as well as to take photos and conduct a series of scientific studies. It reached its destination on November 14 of the same year, 13 days before the Soviet Mars 2 probe (which had launched 11 days earlier than it) and became the first artificial satellite of Mars.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6b50192 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"6b50192\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e9008c1 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"e9008c1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57ed7c6 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"57ed7c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"460\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-3.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55250\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-3.png 960w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-3-300x144.png 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-3-768x368.png 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-3-370x177.png 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-3-840x403.png 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-3-410x196.png 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-3-730x350.png 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ffbc39a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"ffbc39a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b716865 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"b716865\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6629bd6 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6629bd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"5\">The first photos of Mars were taken in late October 1971, but due to a giant dust storm on the planet&#8217;s surface, they were not very accurate. The storm ended in January 1972, and from then on, the photos transmitted by the probe were of very good quality. In total, Mariner sent 7329 photos of Mars to Earth \u2013 more than predicted in the combined research program of Mariner 8 and 9 (covering 85% of its surface) and its two moons, Deimos and Phobos. The photos were used to select landing sites for the Viking landers in the mid-70s. Valles Marineris \u2013 a vast system of canyons on Mars \u2013 was named in honor of the probe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a5c359a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"a5c359a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8cbc420 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"8cbc420\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-88045eb sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"88045eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"291\" height=\"173\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55248\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b525ebf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"b525ebf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-432c22e sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"432c22e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31731b4 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"31731b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"5\">The total mass of the probe was 997.9 kg (including 439.1 kg of fuel). It had an octagonal shape with four solar battery panels measuring 215 x 90 cm each. The total span (the distance between the ends of opposite panels) was 6.89 m. The batteries provided 800 W of power near Earth and 500 W in Mars orbit. The solar cell system did not supply energy directly to the instruments but powered a nickel-cadmium battery, which after charging had a voltage of 26-38 V. Mariner 9 was equipped with two television cameras, an infrared radiometer (IRR), ultraviolet (UVS) and infrared (IRIS) spectrometers, and radio equipment with two antennas \u2013 a parabolic one with a diameter of 1 m and an omnidirectional one mounted on a mast 1.44 m long.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-50a9a6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"50a9a6c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0c845bb sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"0c845bb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ab341c sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1ab341c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55249\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-2.jpg 400w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-2-300x240.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner9-2-370x296.jpg 370w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 400px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ad18606 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"ad18606\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3ed157c sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"3ed157c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f04181 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f04181\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"6\">After the gas used for satellite attitude control was exhausted, Mariner 9 was turned off on October 27, 1972. According to NASA estimates at the time, the probe was to remain in Mars orbit for about 50 years. It probably entered the atmosphere and hit the planet&#8217;s surface in 2020. Mariner 9 proved that Mars is geologically active and revolutionized knowledge about this planet.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"7\"><b data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Mariner 10<\/b> \u2013 the last unmanned space probe from the Mariner program launched on November 3, 1973, by the American space agency NASA. It was sent about two years after Mariner 9 reached Mars. The goal of the Mariner 10 mission was to study the surface and physical characteristics of Mercury and Venus, as well as to study interplanetary space. It is the first human-built vehicle to reach Mercury and the first space probe to visit two planets (Venus and Mercury) and use gravity assist to change its orbit. The probe used Venus&#8217;s gravity (flyby on February 5, 1974) to reduce speed and head towards Mercury.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-df95c6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"df95c6b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f7fbcd sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"7f7fbcd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ac6ff2 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0ac6ff2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"504\" height=\"344\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-grawitacja.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55251\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-grawitacja.jpg 504w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-grawitacja-300x205.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-grawitacja-370x253.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-grawitacja-410x280.jpg 410w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 504px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-452eedf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"452eedf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-14b0c24 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"14b0c24\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-897a289 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"897a289\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"8\">Mariner 10 was equipped with the following scientific instruments:<\/p><ul data-path-to-node=\"9\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,0,0\">2 television cameras equipped with Cassegrain telescopes with a mirror diameter of 150 mm<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,1,0\">infrared radiometer<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,2,0\">2 ultraviolet spectrometers of different types<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,3,0\">2 magnetometers<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,4,0\">telescope for studying charged particles<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"9,5,0\">plasma analyzer<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d2bc61d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"d2bc61d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-605e63a sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"605e63a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ba1fc2 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7ba1fc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-10-merkury-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55246\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-10-merkury-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-10-merkury-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-10-merkury-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-10-merkury-370x208.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-10-merkury-840x473.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-10-merkury-410x231.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-10-merkury-730x411.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-10-merkury-270x152.jpg 270w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner-10-merkury.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6dd4f20 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"6dd4f20\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e4718e7 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"e4718e7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d493ded sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d493ded\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"5\">The launch mass of the probe was 502.9 kg (including 29 kg of fuel and nitrogen used for ship attitude control). The total mass of scientific instruments was 79.4 kg. The hull was in the shape of a prism with octagonal bases, its height was 46 cm, and its diameter was 1.39 m. The probe was equipped with two solar battery panels placed on opposite sides of the hull; the span of Mariner 10 after their full deployment was 8 m. The batteries provided a maximum of 820 W of power. Due to the need to protect such cells from the effects of an excessive radiation flux, as they approached the Sun, both wings were gradually positioned more and more obliquely relative to the incident light. In addition, the entire hull was protected by a special heat shield. The probe was equipped with a rocket engine with a thrust of 222 N powered by hydrazine. Data was transmitted at a maximum speed of 117.6 kb\/s.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dc53084 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"dc53084\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9089436 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"9089436\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d93db7b sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d93db7b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"601\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-venus.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55252\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-venus.jpg 800w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-venus-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-venus-768x577.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-venus-370x278.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-venus-410x308.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mariner10-venus-730x548.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bf160e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"bf160e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c80472d sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"c80472d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09179bf sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"09179bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"11\">Mariner 10 approached Mercury three times in the years 1974-1975 (March 1974, September 1974, March 1975), transmitting over 2700 photos. This mission provided the first close-up photos of Mercury, mapping about 45-57% of its surface, which is covered with craters and resembles the Moon, the existence of a weak magnetic field and a thin atmosphere (helium), and also took pioneering photos of the atmosphere of Venus. Ultraviolet photos revealed the cloud structure and super-rotation of the upper layers of the atmosphere.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"12\">Due to fuel exhaustion (gas in the attitude control system), maneuvers were stopped in March 1975 and the probe became an artificial satellite of the Sun. Mariner 10 was the last mission of the Mariner series (subsequent designs were transformed into Voyager probes). For over 30 years, it remained the only probe that studied Mercury, until the MESSENGER mission in 2008.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"5\"><b data-path-to-node=\"5\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Pioneer 10<\/b> &#8211; is an American, unmanned NASA space probe, launched on March 3, 1972, which was the first to fly through the asteroid belt and explored Jupiter (1973). It was the first human-made object to reach escape velocity from the Solar System, studying interstellar space until the last signal in 2003. The probe was equipped with numerous scientific instruments, including a magnetometer, radiation detectors, and equipment for studying cosmic dust.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-180e06a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"180e06a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c5c96b3 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"c5c96b3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9da843 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f9da843\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"506\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55145\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start.webp 900w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-370x208.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-840x472.webp 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-410x231.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-730x410.webp 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/start-270x152.webp 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-56f7035 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"56f7035\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cc0ce7b sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"cc0ce7b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04bb112 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"04bb112\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"6\">On board was placed a gold-plated aluminum plate (Pioneer plaque) with drawings depicting a human, the position of the Sun, and the probe in the Milky Way, which was intended to be a &#8220;calling card&#8221; for extraterrestrial civilizations.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"7\"><b data-path-to-node=\"7\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Pioneer 11<\/b> &#8211; is an American NASA space probe, launched in April 1973, which was the first to explore Saturn (1979) and performed a close flyby of Jupiter (1974). The mission, being a twin to Pioneer 10, provided key data about the outer Solar System, discovering new moons and rings of Saturn, and is currently heading into interstellar space. The last signal from the probe was received in November 1995.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5540ef6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"5540ef6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-8ff62a4 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"8ff62a4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e49454 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7e49454\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"805\" height=\"402\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/pionier-11.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55139\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/pionier-11.jpg 805w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/pionier-11-300x150.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/pionier-11-768x384.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/pionier-11-370x185.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/pionier-11-410x205.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/pionier-11-730x365.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 805px) 100vw, 805px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-232b3c0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"232b3c0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5d02b1c sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"5d02b1c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de86163 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"de86163\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"6\"><b data-path-to-node=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Viking<\/b> &#8211; a program realized by NASA in 1975. It included two unmanned probes (<b data-path-to-node=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"78\">Viking 1<\/b> \u548c <b data-path-to-node=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"91\">Viking 2<\/b>), each consisting of an orbiter and a lander. The mission aimed to search for life on Mars and to study its atmosphere and surface.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ce4d2bb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"ce4d2bb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-53cb1e5 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"53cb1e5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e17cf2 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"6e17cf2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"804\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/orbiter-1024x804.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55233\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/orbiter-1024x804.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/orbiter-300x236.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/orbiter-768x603.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/orbiter-370x291.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/orbiter-840x660.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/orbiter-410x322.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/orbiter-730x573.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/orbiter.jpg 1528w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2265993 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"2265993\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-57ebd13 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"57ebd13\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6786c67 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6786c67\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 data-path-to-node=\"4\">Main tasks of the orbiter:<\/h5><ul data-path-to-node=\"5\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"5,0,0\">delivering the lander to Mars<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"5,1,0\">conducting observations of the planet&#8217;s surface to determine a landing site for the lander<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"5,2,0\">acting as a communication relay between the lander and Earth<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"5,3,0\">conducting its own scientific research \u2013 including taking photos of the surface, searching for water, measuring temperatures, and studying Mars&#8217; gravitational field<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7d4b2f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"7d4b2f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-216a487 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"216a487\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c53e094 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c53e094\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"417\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55235\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-1.jpg 512w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-1-300x244.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-1-370x301.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-1-410x334.jpg 410w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0152399 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"0152399\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-218a28a sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"218a28a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c5e182 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c5e182\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 data-path-to-node=\"7\">Tasks of the lander:<\/h5><ul data-path-to-node=\"8\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"8,0,0\">conducting a series of meteorological and seismological studies, examining the chemical composition, magnetic properties, and physical characteristics of the Martian atmosphere and surface, including soil samples<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"8,1,0\">performing a series of experiments to check for the possibility of photosynthesis, the occurrence of metabolism, and gas exchange, as an attempt to verify the hypothesis of the existence of organic life on Mars<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"8,2,0\">taking photos of the landing site \u2013 the planet&#8217;s surface, atmosphere, moons, the Sun, as well as the lander itself and its equipment<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p><b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Viking 1<\/b> \u2013 an unmanned space probe from the Viking program (orbiter and lander), launched on August 20, 1975, by the American space agency NASA. After being launched using a <b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"174\">Titan IIIE\/Centaur<\/b> rocket and a 10-month flight toward <b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"229\">Mars<\/b>, the <b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"239\">Orbiter<\/b> began transmitting photos of the planet 5 days before entering <b data-path-to-node=\"11\" data-index-in-node=\"310\">orbit<\/b>, which it reached on June 19, 1976.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-48758a5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"48758a5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3152cc5 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"3152cc5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a8a632 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5a8a632\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55234\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-370x208.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-1290x725.jpg 1290w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-840x473.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-410x231.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-730x411.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot-270x152.jpg 270w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viging-lot.jpg 2000w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cf1d239 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"cf1d239\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3449051 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"3449051\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5f33e9 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b5f33e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"12\">The probe&#8217;s flight required course corrections in the initial phase because the trajectory was not leading directly to Mars&#8217; orbit but was passing the planet at a distance of 67,000 km. The purpose of selecting such an initial trajectory was to avoid a collision of the rocket&#8217;s second stage with the surface of Mars, which could have interfered with the research results.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"13\">The landing on Mars, originally planned for July 4, was delayed due to detected terrain irregularities until a safer location was found. On July 20, the <b data-path-to-node=\"13\" data-index-in-node=\"153\">Viking 1 lander<\/b> separated from the orbiter and landed safely on the surface at 11:56:06, becoming the first successful lander on the Red Planet. Transmission of the first photos of the surface occurred 25 seconds after landing.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d73d3ae elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"d73d3ae\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-566cede sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"566cede\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c099b07 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c099b07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"279\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viking1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55238\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viking1.jpg 512w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viking1-300x163.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viking1-370x202.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Viking1-410x223.jpg 410w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 600px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c742f54 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"c742f54\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a7722cb sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"a7722cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-382f082 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"382f082\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"6\"><b data-path-to-node=\"16\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Viking 2<\/b> &#8211; an American NASA space probe (orbiter and lander) that in 1976 completed the second successful landing on Mars in history, after Viking 1. The Viking 2 probe was launched from Cape Canaveral by a Titan 3E rocket with a Centaur upper stage on September 9, 1975. It reached Mars&#8217; orbit on August 7, 1976. On September 3, the lander separated and landed on the planet&#8217;s surface on the Utopia Planitia plain on the same day at 22:37:50 UTC.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-21aae00 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"21aae00\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bf4a653 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"bf4a653\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a60ad8 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"5a60ad8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-2.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55236\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-2.webp 800w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-2-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-2-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-2-370x208.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-2-410x231.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-2-730x411.webp 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-2-270x152.webp 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-53fef81 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"53fef81\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2f2055c sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"2f2055c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9bb9bb sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f9bb9bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"6\">Viking 2 landed approximately 6,400 km (4,000 miles) from the Viking 1 landing site, providing unique data from a different latitude. It studied the atmosphere and surface, transmitting thousands of photos. The lander transmitted a total of 3,542 photos.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0501186 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"0501186\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71f67bc sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"71f67bc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85557a4 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"85557a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"625\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-3-1024x625.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55237\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-3-1024x625.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-3-300x183.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-3-768x468.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-3-370x226.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-3-840x512.webp 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-3-410x250.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-3-730x445.webp 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking-3.webp 1500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cea33a3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"cea33a3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-57de0a8 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"57de0a8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d65190d sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d65190d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h5 data-path-to-node=\"19\">Key information about the Viking mission:<\/h5><ul data-path-to-node=\"20\"><li><p data-path-to-node=\"20,0,0\">Took over 50,000 photos of Mars, analyzed soil, and studied the atmosphere.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"20,1,0\">The landers did not find conclusive evidence of the existence of life but provided unique data about the Martian environment.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"20,2,0\">Both Viking orbiters took a combined total of over 52,000 photos, mapping 97% of Mars&#8217; surface. The orbiters operated until 1980, and the landers until 1980-1982.<\/p><\/li><li><p data-path-to-node=\"20,3,0\">Biological experiments gave inconclusive results, not definitively confirming the existence of life, but indicating chemically active soil.<\/p><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1a15776 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"1a15776\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ebc532b sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"ebc532b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e34c97 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0e34c97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"872\" height=\"591\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55239\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking2.jpg 872w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking2-300x203.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking2-768x521.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking2-370x251.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking2-840x569.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking2-410x278.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/viking2-730x495.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 872px) 100vw, 872px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6008e13 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"6008e13\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7f196e3 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"7f196e3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7699b7 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7699b7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Viking probes revolutionized knowledge about Mars, paving the way for future robotic missions. Measurements of <b data-path-to-node=\"22\" data-index-in-node=\"115\">time dilation<\/b> were successfully completed, proving to be consistent with the predictions of Einstein&#8217;s <b data-path-to-node=\"22\" data-index-in-node=\"218\">General Theory of Relativity<\/b>.<\/p><p><b data-path-to-node=\"8,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Voyager 1<\/b> \u2013 is an unmanned NASA space probe, launched on September 5, 1977, to explore the outer planets of the Solar System. As the farthest human-made object from Earth (over 164 au in 2024), in 2012 it became the first machine to enter interstellar space, continuing to study the edges of the heliosphere. Initially, the probe was intended to explore Jupiter and Saturn and their moons. After achieving this goal in 1979-1980, Voyager 1 headed towards the outer boundaries of the Solar System. The probe is still operational and transmitting scientific data, becoming the longest-running space mission. It is powered by radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTG). In 2024, the probe was over 24 billion kilometers from Earth. The radio signal needs over 22 hours to reach Earth from the probe.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4805736 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"4805736\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-668af08 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"668af08\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0956473 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"0956473\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/voyager-1-1024x683.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55147\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/voyager-1-1024x683.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/voyager-1-300x200.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/voyager-1-768x512.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/voyager-1-370x247.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/voyager-1-840x560.webp 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/voyager-1-410x273.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/voyager-1-730x487.webp 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/voyager-1.webp 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-601abbb elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"601abbb\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-85ca502 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"85ca502\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc7ff27 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dc7ff27\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b data-path-to-node=\"8,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Voyager 2<\/b> \u2013 is an unmanned NASA space probe that began its journey on August 20, 1977, from Cape Canaveral. Thanks to a rare planetary alignment, it visited Jupiter (1979), Saturn (1981), and as the only one reached Uranus (1986) and Neptune (1989), discovering new moons, rings, and volcanic activity. In November 2018, Voyager 2 crossed the heliopause, leaving the heliosphere and entering interstellar space. The probe is located at a distance of over 20 billion kilometers from Earth. It has been operating continuously for 48 years, transmitting data despite the dwindling power supply.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-09104e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"09104e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-20f657b sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"20f657b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac8a0d5 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ac8a0d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"566\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Vojger-2-1024x566.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55146\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Vojger-2-1024x566.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Vojger-2-300x166.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Vojger-2-768x424.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Vojger-2-1536x849.webp 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Vojger-2-370x204.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Vojger-2-840x464.webp 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Vojger-2-410x227.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Vojger-2-730x403.webp 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Vojger-2.webp 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c55a1f7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"c55a1f7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-22b1cf5 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"22b1cf5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ef8054e sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ef8054e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"9\">Voyager 2 is, alongside its twin probe Voyager 1, the longest-running space mission in history. The Voyager and Pioneer probes carry materials (e.g., Voyager Golden Record) aimed at presenting life on Earth to potential alien civilizations. These probes used the gravitational assist of planets to reach the speeds necessary to leave the Solar System.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"10,0,0\"><b data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Magellan<\/b> \u2013 NASA&#8217;s unmanned space probe, created to study the planet Venus. Initially, the probe was to be called the Venus Radar Mapper. It was later named after the Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan, who in the 16th century was the first to sail through the Strait of Magellan into the Pacific Ocean.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0d77f29 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"0d77f29\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7744605 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"7744605\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb07b10 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"eb07b10\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/413903main_r_magellan_full-1024x768.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55227\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/413903main_r_magellan_full-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/413903main_r_magellan_full-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/413903main_r_magellan_full-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/413903main_r_magellan_full-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/413903main_r_magellan_full-370x278.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/413903main_r_magellan_full-840x630.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/413903main_r_magellan_full-410x308.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/413903main_r_magellan_full-730x548.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/413903main_r_magellan_full.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-72fc49c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"72fc49c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e7fa585 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"e7fa585\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43cfd1a sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"43cfd1a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"9\">Magellan was launched into low Earth orbit on May 4, 1989, aboard the space shuttle Atlantis during the STS-30 mission. On May 5, after five Earth orbits, at an altitude of 296 km, the probe left the shuttle&#8217;s cargo bay. It was directed onto an interplanetary trajectory by an additional solid-fuel propulsion stage (<i data-path-to-node=\"2\" data-index-in-node=\"317\">Inertial Upper Stage<\/i>). On August 10, 1990, after 15 months of travel, the probe entered an elliptical, nearly polar orbit around Venus, with a pericenter of 294 km.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3885d06 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"3885d06\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73136f3 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"73136f3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65009c2 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"65009c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-3-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55229\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-3-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-3-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-3-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-3-1536x1024.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-3-370x247.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-3-840x560.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-3-410x273.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-3-730x487.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-3.jpg 1800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7228ec3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"7228ec3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72db72f sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"72db72f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-104c699 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"104c699\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"3\">The main goal of the mission was to accurately study the planet using synthetic aperture radar, which allowed for the creation of maps of Venus&#8217;s surface, which is invisible in visible light due to a very thick layer of clouds. The probe also made maps of Venus&#8217;s gravitational field and measurements of object heights using a radar altimeter.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"4\">On October 11, 1994, the probe was directed into the planet&#8217;s atmosphere, where it partially burned up on October 13 or 14. It is assumed that some of its fragments may have fallen to the surface. The last signal from the probe was received on October 12 at 10:02 UTC.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-34fa647 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"34fa647\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3a73051 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"3a73051\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3933047 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3933047\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-2-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55228\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-2-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-2-370x208.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-2-840x473.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-2-410x231.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-2-730x411.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-2-270x152.jpg 270w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/magellan-2.avif 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-84f8dcf elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"84f8dcf\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a75a984 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"a75a984\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c516023 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c516023\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"9\">The entire design of the vehicle was based on the construction of the Lacrosse satellite. The vehicle was built partially using spare components remaining from previous NASA missions. Magellan&#8217;s hull was 4.6 m long, ending in a high-gain parabolic antenna with a diameter of 3.7 meters. It served for communication with Earth and as a radar antenna. The vehicle&#8217;s main antenna, as well as the frame and maneuvering engines, were built as spares for the Voyager mission. The medium-power antenna came from the Mariner 9 project. The total height of the craft was 6.4 m. The probe was equipped with two square solar battery panels, the span of which was 9.2 m. They provided 1200 W of power at the beginning and 1029 W at the end of the mission. Energy was stored by nickel-cadmium batteries with a capacity of 30 Ah each. Together with the propulsion stage and fuel, Magellan weighed 3460 kilograms at launch. The probe itself without fuel weighed 1035 kg. Magellan was three-axis stabilized using three reaction wheels.<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"9\"><b style=\"letter-spacing: 0.1px;\" data-path-to-node=\"10,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Galileo<\/b><span style=\"letter-spacing: 0.1px;\"> \u2013 is an American unmanned NASA space probe, launched by the space shuttle Atlantis in 1989 to explore Jupiter, its moons, and atmosphere. During the journey, it performed flybys of Venus, Earth, and the Moon, and was the first to explore asteroids (Gaspra and Ida). It was the first artificial satellite of Jupiter (since 1995) and the first in history to send a probe deep into its atmosphere, as well as closely studying asteroids. The mission ended in 2003 with the intentional burning of the probe in the planet&#8217;s atmosphere.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-209dff9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"209dff9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cd137c7 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"cd137c7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-917a4a4 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"917a4a4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"683\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/galileo-1024x683.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55134\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/galileo-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/galileo-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/galileo-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/galileo-370x247.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/galileo-840x560.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/galileo-410x273.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/galileo-730x487.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/galileo.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2b43f77 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"2b43f77\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-13fec69 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"13fec69\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6c32230 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6c32230\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b data-path-to-node=\"10,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Cassini-Huygens<\/b> \u2013 is a joint unmanned space mission of NASA, ESA, and ASI, lasting from 1997\u20132017, whose goal was to study Saturn, its rings, and moons. The probe consisted of the Cassini orbiter (studying the system from orbit) and the Huygens lander, which in 2005 landed on Titan. This mission revolutionized knowledge about the gas giant, discovering, among others, geysers on Enceladus. This mission studied Saturn, its rings, and moons, and the Huygens probe landed on Saturn&#8217;s largest moon \u2013 Titan. The symbolic start of the mission can be considered the date October 15, 1997, when the Titan 4B \u2013 Centaur rocket launched, carrying the priceless cargo. The launch took place at 08:43 Universal Time from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station in Florida, USA. The entire payload, consisting of the Cassini probe and the Huygens lander, weighed 5.6 tons, making it too heavy to fly directly to Saturn. For this reason, the probe had to use gravitational assists. This is a maneuver that uses the gravity of an object, mainly a planet, to change the flight trajectory and gain speed. The probe first flew towards Venus, then circled the Sun, approached Venus again, returned to the vicinity of its home planet, flew past Jupiter, and finally reached its destination, which was Saturn.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-bcc9c23 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"bcc9c23\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-66010a6 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"66010a6\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b15597e sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"b15597e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55135\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie-370x208.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie-840x473.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie-410x231.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie-730x411.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie-270x152.jpg 270w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-841ba76 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"841ba76\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-73621fb sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"73621fb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-279e296 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"279e296\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>After reaching Saturn&#8217;s orbit in 2004, the probe began studying its rings and the planet itself. Above all, it was possible to much more accurately determine the thickness of the rings. On December 25, 2004, the Huygens lander detached from the probe and flew towards the only moon in the Solar System that has an atmosphere \u2013 Titan. It reached it after 22 days of flight and operated on its surface for 4 hours. It lasted so briefly because of the low temperatures on the moon, reaching as low as -180 degrees Celsius. During this not-too-long time, the lander provided scientists with invaluable information about the surface and atmosphere of the moon. The most famous element of the entire mission was the discovery of seas and lakes of liquid methane and ethane.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-cd861e9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"cd861e9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b86e81 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"2b86e81\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ddcc82f sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ddcc82f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie2.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55136\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie2.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie2-300x169.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie2-768x432.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie2-370x208.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie2-840x473.webp 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie2-410x231.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie2-730x411.webp 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/na-tytanie2-270x152.webp 270w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e53486 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"6e53486\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-376d800 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"376d800\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2ddf23 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c2ddf23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b data-path-to-node=\"12,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">New Horizons<\/b> \u2013 is an unmanned NASA space probe, launched in 2006 using an Atlas V 551 (AV-010) rocket. The main goal was to explore Pluto, its moons, and objects in the Kuiper Belt. The first flyby mission past Pluto was realized on July 14, 2015; the probe approached Pluto to a distance of about 12,500 km, as well as its moons (Nix, Hydra, Kerberos, and Styx), discovering, among others, a diverse landscape and active geological processes and providing detailed photos of this dwarf planet. The spacecraft, weighing 478 kg, was primarily intended to study objects from the Kuiper Belt during the flyby and take the most accurate photos of Pluto to date. It is powered by a radioisotope thermoelectric generator on plutonium (RTG), which allows it to operate for decades. It is located over 8 billion kilometers from Earth (as of the end of 2023), traveling beyond the Solar System.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3a1c932 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"3a1c932\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e6abf11 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"e6abf11\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-947975c sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"947975c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"470\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/plutona-2.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55141\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/plutona-2.png 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/plutona-2-300x138.png 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/plutona-2-768x353.png 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/plutona-2-370x170.png 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/plutona-2-840x386.png 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/plutona-2-410x188.png 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/plutona-2-730x335.png 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-03d0572 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"03d0572\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0623c96 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"0623c96\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdbe4a6 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdbe4a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b data-path-to-node=\"12,1,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Rosetta<\/b> \u2013 launched in 2004, was a pioneering mission of the European Space Agency (ESA), which was the first in history to explore a comet (67P\/Churyumov-Gerasimenko) up close. On November 12, 2014, the probe entered its orbit and released the Philae lander, which settled on the comet&#8217;s surface, conducting &#8220;in-situ&#8221; research. During the already more than 10-year journey, they provide key data on the evolution of the Solar System. Rosetta was the first probe to use solar panels for power so far from the Sun (beyond the main asteroid belt).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-eca29d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"eca29d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-021140a sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"021140a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1abb06 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e1abb06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"576\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rosetta-2-1024x576.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55142\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rosetta-2-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rosetta-2-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rosetta-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rosetta-2-370x208.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rosetta-2-840x473.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rosetta-2-410x231.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rosetta-2-730x411.jpg 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rosetta-2-270x152.jpg 270w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/rosetta-2.jpg 1200w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55f0a94 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"55f0a94\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a0d1293 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"a0d1293\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee23513 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee23513\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b data-path-to-node=\"1\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Messenger<\/b> \u2013 a NASA space probe whose mission was to study the planet Mercury. It was the first mission dedicated to this planet since Mariner 10, i.e., in 33 years. The probe was launched on August 3, 2004.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6c3e309 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"6c3e309\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bdc7204 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"bdc7204\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89f0ac9 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"89f0ac9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"275\" height=\"183\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/messenger-3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55255\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7bd0f3b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"7bd0f3b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-338cddf sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"338cddf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fae8408 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fae8408\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The probe was designed to study the characteristics and environment of Mercury from a circumplanetary orbit. Its task was to learn about the chemical properties of the planet&#8217;s surface, its geological history, the nature of its magnetic field, the size and state of its core, and the nature of the planetary exosphere and magnetosphere.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-086ece9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"086ece9\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-06aee05 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"06aee05\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c445752 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c445752\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"799\" height=\"599\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mesenger1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55253\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mesenger1.jpg 799w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mesenger1-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mesenger1-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mesenger1-370x277.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mesenger1-410x307.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/mesenger1-730x547.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 799px) 100vw, 799px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-de5a923 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"de5a923\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3339dfd sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"3339dfd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27c7311 sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"27c7311\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-path-to-node=\"3\">Messenger received commands from Earth and transmitted data via X-band phased array antennas (circular polarization).<\/p><p data-path-to-node=\"4\">The probe required special protection against solar radiation, which is particularly intense in the vicinity of Mercury \u2013 solar radiation intensity there is 11 times higher than on Earth, and Mercury&#8217;s surface temperature reaches 450 \u00b0C. All systems were maintained at room temperature thanks to one entire side of the spacecraft being covered with a high-temperature resistant ceramic shield. This required the probe to always face the Sun with its shielded side.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b1b6647 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"b1b6647\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3b9f18c sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"3b9f18c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75ede8e sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"75ede8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1020\" height=\"680\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Messenger-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55254\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Messenger-2.jpg 1020w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Messenger-2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Messenger-2-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Messenger-2-370x247.jpg 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Messenger-2-840x560.jpg 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Messenger-2-410x273.jpg 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Messenger-2-730x487.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-55871ca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"55871ca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-02e4464 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"02e4464\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5894db sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5894db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The probe&#8217;s orbital mission was planned for one Earth year (4 Mercurian years), but it was extended twice. It finally ended on April 30, 2015, with the spacecraft crashing into the planet&#8217;s surface.<\/p><p><b data-path-to-node=\"1,0,0\" data-index-in-node=\"0\">Parker Solar Probe<\/b> \u2013 is an unmanned NASA space probe, launched in 2018, whose goal is to study the Sun&#8217;s outer corona from a record-breaking close distance. It is the first object in history to directly &#8220;touch&#8221; the Sun, flying through its atmosphere to investigate heating processes and the solar wind. It is the fastest human-made object. In December 2024, it approached at a record-low distance (approx. 6 million km from the surface), reaching a speed of over 690,000 km\/h (approx. 192 km\/s) and took photos of the Sun&#8217;s atmosphere from the closest distance we have ever seen. The probe is equipped with an advanced thermal shield made of carbon composites, which protects the instruments from temperatures exceeding 1300 degrees C. This mission is part of NASA&#8217;s &#8220;Living with a Star&#8221; program, aimed at understanding aspects of the Sun-Earth system that affect life and technology on Earth, including satellite communication.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1bfbd5c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"1bfbd5c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c7536b1 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"c7536b1\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a6688e sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1a6688e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"535\" src=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Parker-2-1024x535.webp\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-55137\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Parker-2-1024x535.webp 1024w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Parker-2-300x157.webp 300w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Parker-2-768x401.webp 768w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Parker-2-1536x802.webp 1536w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Parker-2-370x193.webp 370w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Parker-2-840x439.webp 840w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Parker-2-410x214.webp 410w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Parker-2-730x381.webp 730w, https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/02\/Parker-2.webp 2010w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-fd836ad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"fd836ad\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-extended\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4c85545 sc_content_align_inherit sc_layouts_column_icons_position_left sc_fly_static\" data-id=\"4c85545\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c116b6e sc_fly_static elementor-widget elementor-widget-trx_sc_button\" data-id=\"c116b6e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"trx_sc_button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div\tclass=\"sc_item_button sc_button_wrap\" ><a href=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/zh\/artificial-satellites\/\" class=\"sc_button sc_button_default sc_button_size_normal sc_button_with_icon sc_button_icon_left\" ><span class=\"sc_button_icon\"><span class=\"icon-reply\"><\/span><\/span><span class=\"sc_button_text\"><span class=\"sc_button_title\">\u4eba\u9020\u536b\u661f<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Space probe \u2013 an unmanned, almost always automated spacecraft designed to conduct scientific research in outer space. Space probes are launched by carrier rockets or on board space shuttles. Thanks&hellip;<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-55131","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.1.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Space Probes - SpaceLovers<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover how space probes revolutionized our understanding of the cosmos, exploring planets, deep space, and the origins of the universe through groundbreaking missions.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/zh\/space-probes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"zh_CN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Space Probes - 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