{"id":55496,"date":"2026-03-15T10:19:43","date_gmt":"2026-03-15T09:19:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/?page_id=55496"},"modified":"2026-03-15T10:45:42","modified_gmt":"2026-03-15T09:45:42","slug":"solar-system-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/spaceloversclub.com\/zh\/solar-system-2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u592a\u9633\u7cfb"},"content":{"rendered":"
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The Solar System – is a planetary system in the Orion Arm of the Milky Way galaxy, consisting of a central star \u2013 the Sun \u2013 and the celestial bodies gravitationally bound to it. It includes 8 major planets, their moons (over 205 known), dwarf planets (e.g., Pluto), as well as millions of asteroids (mainly between Mars and Jupiter), comets and meteoroids orbiting in elliptical orbits, and interplanetary dust and gas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Location of the Solar System<\/b><\/h4>

The location of the Solar System in the Galaxy is probably one of the factors conditioning the evolution of life on Earth. Its orbit in the Galaxy is close to a circle, and the orbital speed is roughly the same as the orbital speed of the galactic arms, which means that passage between the arms happens rarely. In the spiral arms, supernova explosions occur much more frequently than between them, which can have a catastrophic impact on the climate and biosphere of planets; some scientists speculate that part of the extinctions on Earth could have been caused by such phenomena. Earth is located in a relatively stable place, and therefore favorable to the evolution of life. The Solar System also lies far enough from the densely star-filled regions of the Galactic center, where close passages of stars could dislodge bodies from the Oort Cloud and send many comets to the interior of the Solar System, causing catastrophic collisions. Intense radiation from the Galaxy’s core could also destroy life on Earth.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Structure of the Solar System<\/b><\/h4>

The center of the Solar System is the Sun, a main-sequence star of spectral type G2, which contains 99.86% of the known mass of the System and dominates it gravitationally. Jupiter and Saturn, the two largest bodies orbiting the Sun, account for more than 90% of the remaining mass of the system.<\/p>

Most of the orbits of large bodies orbiting the Sun are located close to the plane of Earth’s orbit, known as the ecliptic, while the orbits of comets and Kuiper Belt objects are usually inclined at a greater angle to the ecliptic. All planets and most other bodies orbit the Sun in the direction of its own rotation (counter-clockwise, looking down from the Sun’s north pole). There are also exceptions such as Halley’s Comet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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The orbital motion of celestial bodies orbiting the Sun was described by Johannes Kepler, formulating the laws of planetary motion. According to Kepler’s First Law, each body orbits (approximately) in an ellipse, and the Sun lies at one of the foci of that ellipse. The closer a body is to the Sun, the faster it moves. The orbits of planets are close to a circle, however, many comets, asteroids and Kuiper Belt objects orbit in highly elongated ellipses, and their distance from the Sun changes during the orbit. The maximum approach to the Sun is called perihelion, and the greatest distance \u2013 aphelion.<\/p>

Due to the vast differences in distance ratios, many visualizations of the Solar System show planetary orbits at similar distances to each other. In reality, with a few exceptions, the further a planet or asteroid belt orbits from the Sun, the more the distance between its orbit and the orbit of the previous body increases. For example, Venus is on average 0.33 au further than Mercury, while Saturn \u2013 4.3 au further than Jupiter, and Neptune \u2013 10.5 au further than Uranus. Attempts were made to determine the relationship between these distances (see: Titius-Bode Law), however, no theory of this type found an explanation and was not accepted.<\/p>

Key components of the Solar System are:<\/b><\/p>

Sun:<\/b> Central, largest star, constituting approx. 99.8% of the mass of the entire system.<\/p>

Asteroid belt<\/b> – Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars (rocky\/inner planets) and Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune (gas giants\/outer planets).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Kuiper Belt<\/b> – is a huge ring of planetoids built mainly of ice. It extends at distances of 30\u201350 au from the Sun. It consists mainly of small Solar System bodies, but some of its largest objects, such as Quaoar, Varuna or Orcus, may under the IAU definition be recognized as dwarf planets in the future. Over a thousand objects have been identified, of which several have a diameter of approx. 1000 km or larger. It is estimated that there are over 100,000 objects in the belt with a diameter exceeding 50 km consisting of rocky-ice objects. Kuiper Belt objects can be roughly divided into “classical” ones and those in orbital resonance with Neptune, i.e. those whose orbital period is related to the planet’s orbital period. A 2:3 resonance means that the body orbits the Sun twice during three orbits of the Sun by Neptune. This type of resonance concerns objects periodically approaching the Sun in orbital motion more closely than Neptune, e.g. Pluto. From the name of this dwarf planet, objects in such resonance are called plutinos. The “classical” part of the belt contains objects not in resonance with Neptune and extends roughly from 39.4 to 47.7 au. They are called cubewano, taken from the designation of the first object of this type discovered, 1992 QB1 \u2013 currently (15760) Albion.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Scattered disc<\/b> overlaps the Kuiper Belt, but extends much further outwards. This area is believed to be the source of most short-period comets. Probably the scattered disc objects were thrown into erratic (irregular) orbits by the gravitational interaction of Neptune, which moved in a more distant orbit during the formation of the Solar System (see: planetary migration). Most scattered disc objects (SDO) have perihelia in the Kuiper Belt, but aphelia extend up to 150 au from the Sun. SDO orbits are also strongly inclined to the ecliptic plane, and are often almost perpendicular to it. Some astronomers consider the scattered disc as part of the Kuiper Belt and use the term “scattered Kuiper Belt objects”.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Hypothetical Oort Cloud<\/b> – is a very large group of objects (from a billion to a trillion), built mainly of ice, forming a flattened part in the inner part, and further a spherical envelope of the Solar System. It extends from 300 to 50,000 au (almost a light year) from the Sun, and maybe even twice as far. Presumably, it consists of planetesimals ejected from the inner regions of the System as a result of the gravitational interactions of large planets in the early stages of its formation. The structure of the cloud is subject to the influence of other stars, their close passages, which happened in the past and will happen in the future, can dislodge comets from it towards the planets.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Heliopause<\/b> – is the outer, conventional boundary of the Solar System, where the solar wind (the stream of particles from the Sun) loses its power and collides with the interstellar medium. It acts as a protective shield (heliosphere) against cosmic radiation. It is located about 120-123 astronomical units from the Sun. Beyond this boundary, solar matter ceases to dominate, and matter from interstellar space begins. The opposite of the Heliopause is the Heliosphere \u2013 the area around the Sun in which the pressure of the solar wind prevails over the pressure of galactic winds, creating a “bubble” of material ejected by the Sun.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Five Solar System objects classified as dwarf planets are:<\/h4>